Derived fromAncient GreekΡ(R,“rho”) through intermediaries.
𐰼 (r²)
- A letter of theOld Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with front vowels.
- Clauson, Gerard (1972), “r²”, inThe Origin of Turkic Runic Alphabet, London,pages69 and 75
- Tekin, Talât (1968),A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series;69), Bloomington: Indiana University,→ISBN,page27
- Clauson, Gerard (1962),Turkish and Mongolian studies[1], London: Royal Asiatic Society, page80
- Ghirshman, Roman (1948),Les Chionites-Hephtalites[2], Iran: Institut francais d'archeologie orientale,page63
Inherited fromProto-Turkic*er-(“to be”). Cognate withTurkishimek(“to be”),Uzbekemoq,Yakutэр(er,“to be”).
𐰼 (er-)
- (intransitive) tobe (something, somewhere)
- 𐰼𐰨(erinč,“possibly, certainly”)
- 𐰼𐱅𐰃(erti)
- 𐰼𐰢𐰾(ermiš)
- 𐰼𐰾𐰼(erser,“if”)
- 𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰃(erkli,“while”)
- Tekin, Talât (1968), “är-”, inA Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series;69), Bloomington: Indiana University,→ISBN,page326
- Clauson, Gerard (1972), “er-”, inAn Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press,→ISBN,→OCLC,page193
- Starostin, Sergei;Dybo, Anna;Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*er-”, inEtymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Inherited fromProto-Turkic*ēr(“man”). Cognate withChuvashар(ar),Khalajhər,Turkisher,Uzbeker,Bashkirир(ir),Khakasир(ir). Compare alsoMongolianэр(er).
𐰼 (er)
- man,humanmale
𐰼 (er)
- male
- 𐰼𐰓𐰢(erdem,“courage, brave”)
- 𐰼𐰤(eren,“men”)
- Tekin, Talât (1968), “är”, inA Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series;69), Bloomington: Indiana University,→ISBN,page325
- Clauson, Gerard (1972), “er”, inAn Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press,→ISBN,→OCLC,page192
- Starostin, Sergei;Dybo, Anna;Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ēr”, inEtymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[4], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Inherited fromProto-Turkic*ẹ̄r-(“to reach”). Cognate withTurkishermek. Compare alsoHungarianér(“to reach”)
𐰼 (er-)
- (intransitive) toreach
- Tekin, Talât (1968), “är”, inA Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series;69), Bloomington: Indiana University,→ISBN,page328
- Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ér”, inAn Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press,→ISBN,→OCLC,page194
- Starostin, Sergei;Dybo, Anna;Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ẹ̄r-”, inEtymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[5], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Inherited fromProto-Turkic*-ür. Cognate withTurkish-er.
𐰼 (-er, -ir, -r)
- Forms simplepresent tense andaorist tense
- 𐱅𐰔(t²z/tez-/,“to flee away”) + 𐰼(r²) → 𐱅𐰔𐰼(t²zr²/Tezer./,“They flee away.”)
- Formsadjectives ornouns out ofverbs
- 𐰚𐰇𐰼(kür²/kör-/,“to see”) + 𐰼(r²) → 𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼(kür²ür²/Körür./,“They see.”)
- In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with l, r or n, it takes the form𐰇𐰼(-ür) or𐰼(-ir).
- 𐰋𐰃𐰠(b²il²/bil-/,“to know”) + 𐰇𐰼(ür²) → 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰼(b²il²r²/Bilir./,“They know.”)
- In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends a vowel, it takes the form𐰼(-r) or𐰘𐰇𐰼(-yür).
- 𐱅𐰃(t²i/té-/,“to say”) + 𐰼(r²) → 𐱅𐰃𐰼(t²ir²/Tér./,“They say.”)
- 𐰇(ü/ö-/,“to think”) + 𐰘𐰇𐰼(y²ür²) → 𐰇𐰘𐰇𐰼(üy²ür²/Öyür./,“They think.”)
- In polysyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with a consonant, it takes the form𐰇𐰼(-ür).
- 𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣(qzǧn¹/ḳazġan-/,“to win, to conquer”) + 𐰇𐰼(ür²) → 𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺(qzǧn¹ur¹/Ḳazġanur./,“They conquer.”)
- For the negative form𐰢𐰔(-mez) is used instead.
- 𐰚𐰇𐰼(kür²/kör-/,“to see”) + 𐰢𐰔(mz) → 𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰔(kür²mz/Körmez./,“They don't see.”)
- 𐰏𐰘(-gey,“optative-future tense”)
- 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃(-deči,“future tense”)
- 𐰓𐰃(-di,“experienced past tense”)
- 𐰢𐰔(-mez,“negative aorist tense”)
- 𐰢𐰲𐰃(-meči,“negative future tense”)
- 𐰢𐱁(-miš,“heard past tense”)
- 𐰾𐰚(-sik,“necessitive-future tense”)
