Ga: Aigo, bom-i dwemin saogi gojang boren jejudo-i oneun gwan'gwanggaek-deor-i jaldohaneun'ge-masseum! Met yeol he jeon-e-do iyeonghawyeotsugwa? Na: Eotda, ije-rang sareumihaneundi yeonnar-irang jejudo-neun ajikdo hayeong binbokhenasinan iyeonghaji anihenatjeo.
A: Wow, there are alwaysa lot of people who come to Jeju in the spring to see the cherry blossom flowers! Was it like this a few decades ago too? B: No, there area lot of people now, but back then, Jeju was still very poor, so there weren't thismany.
It is believed that at an ancient stage, the stem ofᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale:hò-tá) was actually*ᄒᆡ- (Yale: *hoy-), as still evidenced by the irregular infinitive form하여(hayeo) (Vovin 2010, p. 27).
(auxiliary)See-어하다(-eohada,“to consider (as); to find (as)”).
Used as alight verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function asactive verbs. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun functions as a direct object of the verb, being able to take particles such as the accusative case marker-을 or the topic marker-은.
I had not known what a terrible thing it is towage war.
Used as alight verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function asadjectives. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun can be separated by the topic marker-은.
클린(keullin,fromEnglishclean) + 하다(hada) → 클린하다(keullinhada,“to be clean”)
은은(隱隱)(euneun,“being beautifully indistinct”) + 하다(hada) → 은은(隱隱)하다(euneunhada,“to be beautifully indistinct”)
Using하고(hago) is more colloquial and has a nuance of more intimate or faithful quoting than using-이라고(-irago). For example, speakers use하고(hago) when imitating the actual way something was said (e.g. someone's accent, prosody, etc.), and-이라고(-irago) when quoting written material.[1]
나보고 "야너어디야?"하고묻는거야. ―Na-bogo ya neo eodi-ya?hago munneun geo-ya. ―He was like, "Hey, where are you?"
촉수엄금이라고적혀있었다. ―Choksueomgeum-irago jeokhyeo-isseotda. ―It was written, "Do not touch."
(compounds)
As Korean verbs and adjectives are a fullyclosed class, all newly borrowed or coined verbs and adjectives must be formed by하다(hada).
(contractions)
In compound verbs or adjectives, the stem can be contracted. This often has a literary nuance.
Afterobstruent-final stems, the entire stem하-(ha-) is dropped.
생각하지않았다 >생각지않았다 ―saenggak-ha-ji anatda > saenggak-ji anatda ―one did not think
깨끗하고 >깨끗고 ―kkaekkeut-ha-go > kkaekkeut-go ―it is clean, and...
Aftersonorant-final stems, only the vowel is dropped and the initialㅎ(h) merges with the following suffix, so that suffixes beginning with the consonantsㄱ(g),ㄷ(d), andㅈ(j) areaspirated to begin withㅋ(k),ㅌ(t), andㅊ(ch):
고요하지않았다 >고요치않았다 ―goyo-ha-ji anatda > goyo-chi anatda ―it was not calm
편안하고 >편안코 ―pyeonan-ha-go > pyeonan-ko ―one is comfortable, and...
For some of the adverbs formed by such a contraction of conjugated forms, the presumed original verb or adjective is no longer widely used, if at all. For example, the adverb기어(期於)코(gieoko,“no matter what; in the end”) has no corresponding adjective*기어(期於)하다(*gieohada).
Some of these contracted forms have undergone semantic shifts and are no longer fully equivalent to the uncontracted forms. For example,무심(無心)코(musimko,“thoughtlessly”) cannot be replaced by무심(無心)하고(musim-hago,“[one] is careless, and...”).
Contraction is more common for connective suffixes and less common for sentence-final ones, especially informal ones.
Contraction is more common inGyeongsang dialect than in Standard Seoul Korean.
(contraction in indirect quotes)
In indirect quotes, the entire stem하-(ha-) is commonly dropped.
쉬자(고)하는소리 >쉬자는소리 ―swi-ja(-go)ha-neun sori > swi-ja-neun sori ―hersaying we should rest
없다(고)하더라 >없다더라 ―eop-da(-go)ha-deora > eop-da-deora ―Hesaid it wasn't there.
(conjugation)
In less formal language, the infinitive하여(hayeo) is always contracted to해(hae).
Because theintimate style is never formal by definition,하여(hayeo) can never replace해(hae) in such contexts.
