| China | theDivineLand | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad.(赤縣神州) | 赤縣 | 神州 | |
| simp.(赤县神州) | 赤县 | 神州 | |
Attested earliest inRecords of the Grand Historian (translation adapted from Tsai-fa Cheng et al., 1994):
| Rime | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 赤 | 縣 | 神 | 州 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) | 匣 (33) | 船 (27) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) | 先 (86) | 眞 (43) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV | III | III |
| Fanqie | 昌石切 | 黃練切 | 食鄰切 | 職流切 |
| Baxter | tsyhek | hwenH | zyin | tsyuw |
| Reconstructions | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚/ | /ɦwenH/ | /ʑiɪn/ | /t͡ɕɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰiɛk̚/ | /ɦʷenH/ | /ʑin/ | /t͡ɕiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰiæk̚/ | /ɣuɛnH/ | /ʑjen/ | /t͡ɕiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰiajk̚/ | /ɦwɛnH/ | /ʑin/ | /cuw/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiɛk̚/ | /ɣuenH/ | /d͡ʑiĕn/ | /t͡ɕiu/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭɛk̚/ | /ɣiwenH/ | /d͡ʑĭĕn/ | /t͡ɕĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛk̚/ | /ɣiwenH/ | /d͡ʑʰi̯ĕn/ | /t͡ɕi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chi | xuàn | shén | zhōu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cik1 | jyun6 | san4 | zau1 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 赤 | 縣 | 神 | 州 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chì | xiàn | shén | zhōu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhek › | ‹ hwenH › | ‹ zyin › | ‹ tsyuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[t-qʰ](r)Ak/ | /*Cə.[ɡ]ʷˁe[n]-s/ | /*Cə.li[n]/ | /*tu/ |
| English | red | district | spirit | islet in stream; province |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 赤 | 縣 | 神 | 州 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1477 | 13578 | 11245 | 17493 |
| Phonetic component | 赤 | 縣 | 申 | 州 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 元 | 眞 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 尺 | 神 | 周 | |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰljaɡ/ | /*ɡʷeːns/ | /*hlin/ | /*tju/ |
赤縣神州