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北

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:业,比,非,and兆
北U+5317,北
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5317
←化
[U+5316]		CJK Unified Ideographs匘 →
[U+5318]
北U+F963,北
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F963
←異
[U+F962]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs磻 →
[U+F964]

北U+2F82B,北
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82B
←匆
[U+2F82A]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement卉 →
[U+2F82C]
Wikimedia Commons hasimages and media related to:

Translingual

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Stroke order (Japan)
0 strokes

Han character

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北 (Kangxi radical 21,匕+3, 5 strokes,cangjie input中一心 (LMP),four-corner11110,composition⿲⿱一㇀丨匕(GJKV) or⿰⿱⿰一丨㇀匕(HT))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 152, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2574
  • Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 262, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5317

Further reading

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Chinese

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trad.北
simp.#北
alternative forms业
𧉥
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 北(Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 北(Cantonese)
  • 北(Wu)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character北
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the samephonetic series (北)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
背*pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs
鄁*bɯːɡs
偝*bɯːɡs
邶*bɯːɡs
苝*bɯːɡs
北*pɯːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character背 (OC*pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word.

Compare化,比,卬, and尼.

Etymology

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FromProto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”).

The sense of“north” is derived from“back (of body)”:“back” →“to turn the back to; to retreat” →“north”.

The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north–south axis, as evident in thefengshui theory and in the orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites.North is the direction theback is oriented to when the person is facing south.

Compare the graphical origin of南 (OC*nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988).

Pronunciation 1

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Note: bor5 - only used in place names.
Note:
  • pak - vernacular ("north");
  • pok - literary ("defeat").
Note:
  • bag4 - vernacular;
  • beg4 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation北
MandarinBeijing/pei²¹⁴/
Harbin/pei²¹³/
Tianjin/pei¹³/
Jinan/pei²¹³/
Qingdao/pe⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou/pei²⁴/
Xi'an/pei²¹/
Xining/pɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/pia¹³/
/pɛ¹³/
Lanzhou/pə¹³/
Ürümqi/pei²¹³/
Wuhan/pɤ²¹³/
Chengdu/pe³¹/
Guiyang/pɛ²¹/
Kunming/pə³¹/
Nanjing/pəʔ⁵/
Hefei/pɐʔ⁵/
JinTaiyuan/pei⁵³/
Pingyao/pʌʔ¹³/～城
/piʌʔ¹³/～面面
Hohhot/piəʔ⁴³/
WuShanghai/poʔ⁵/
Suzhou/poʔ⁵/
Hangzhou/poʔ⁵/
Wenzhou/pai²¹³/
HuiShexian/peʔ²¹/
Tunxi/pi⁵/
XiangChangsha/pə²⁴/
Xiangtan/pæ²⁴/
GanNanchang/pɛt̚⁵/
HakkaMeixian/pet̚¹/
Taoyuan/pet̚²²/
CantoneseGuangzhou/pɐk̚⁵/
Nanning/pɐk̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong/pɐk̚⁵/
MinXiamen (Hokkien)/pɔk̚³²/
/pak̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/pɔyʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min)/pɛ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew)/pak̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese)/ʔbak̚⁵/
Rime
Character北
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)幫 (1)
Final (韻)德 (131)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie博墨切
Baxterpok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/pək̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/pək̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/pək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/pək̚/
Li
Rong		/pək̚/
Wang
Li		/pək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/pək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		bo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		bak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character北
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		běi
Middle
Chinese		‹ pok ›
Old
Chinese		/*pˁək/
Englishnorth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character北
Reading #1/1
No.414
Phonetic
component		北
Rime
group		職
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		北
Old
Chinese		/*pɯːɡ/

Definitions

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北

  1. north;northern
    北移  ― běi yí  ―  to move north
    北京  ― Běijīng  ―  Beijing (literally, “northern capital”)
  2. to bedefeated; tofail
    敗北／败北  ― bàiběi  ―  to suffer defeat

Coordinate terms

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compass points:方位(fāngwèi): [edit]

西北(xīběi)北東北 /东北(dōngběi)
西(xī)東 /东(dōng)
西南(xīnán)南東南 /东南(dōngnán)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (北):

Others:

  • → Japanese:北(ペー)(pē,“north wind (mahjong tile)”)

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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北

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)Original form of背 (bèi, “back; to betray”).

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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See also:
北

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. north
  2. escape,run away

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
北
きた
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Attributed toOld Japanese,[1] although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phoneticman'yōgana.

Ultimate derivation unknown.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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北(きた)• (kita) 

  1. north(cardinal point)
    • 905,Kokin Wakashū (book 9, poem 412)
      北(きた)へ行(ゆ)く雁(かり)ぞ鳴(な)くなるつれてこし数(かず)はたらでぞかへるべらなる
      kita e yuku kari zo nakunaru tsurete koshi kazu wa tarade zo kaeruberanaru
      (please add an English translation of this example)
    Antonym:南(minami)
  2. theNorth(northernpart of aregion)
  3. anortherly,north wind
    Synonym:北風(kitakaze, hokufū)
    Antonym:南(minami)
  4. Short for北の方(kita no kata):northward
  5. adeveloped country
    from the manycountries in theNorthern Hemisphere are considereddeveloped
Coordinate terms
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compass points:方角(hōgaku): [edit]

北西(hokusei)
西北(seihoku)		北(kita)北東(hokutō)
東北(tōhoku)
西(nishi)東(higashi)
西南(seinan)
南西(nansei)		南(minami)東南(tōnan)
南東(nantō)
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Proper noun

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北(きた)or北(キタ)• (Kita) 

  1. Kita (one of 23special wards inTokyo prefecture,Japan)
  2. (historical) thered-light district north ofEdo Castle
    Synonyms:北郭(Hokkaku),北国(Hokkoku)
  3. asurname
  4. a femalegiven name

Verb

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北(きた)する• (kitasuru) suru (stem北(きた)し(kitashi),past北(きた)した(kitashita))

  1. togonorthwards
    Synonym:北進する(hokushin suru)
Conjugation
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Conjugation of "北する" (SeeAppendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")北しきたしkita shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")北しきたしkita shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")北するきたするkita suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")北するきたするkita suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")北すれきたすれkita sure
Meireikei ("imperative")北せよ¹
北しろ²		きたせよ¹
きたしろ²		kita seyo¹
kita shiro²
Key constructions
Passive北されるきたされるkita sareru
Causative北させる
北さす		きたさせる
きたさす		kita saseru
kita sasu
Potential北できるきたできるkita dekiru
Volitional北しようきたしようkita shiyō
Negative北しないきたしないkita shinai
Negative continuative北せずきたせずkita sezu
Formal北しますきたしますkita shimasu
Perfective北したきたしたkita shita
Conjunctive北してきたしてkita shite
Hypothetical conditional北すればきたすればkita sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
北
ペー
Grade: 2
irregular

FromMandarin北(běi).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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北(ペー)• (pē) 

  1. (mahjong)north wind (mahjongtile)
    Hypernym:風牌(kazehai, fanpai)
  2. (mahjong) a役(yaku,“winninghand”) with atriplet orquad of north wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2翻(han,“doubles”)
    Hypernym:役牌(yakuhai, yaku-pai)
Coordinate terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
北
はい
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of北 – see the following entry.
【背】6
[kanji] sixth grade kanji
[kanji] back, stature
(This term,北, is a variant kanji form of the above term.)

References

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  1. ^“北”, in日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,2006
  2. ↑2.02.1Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
  3. ↑3.03.1NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998),NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Chinese北 (MC pok).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448븍〮 (Yale:púk)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2]뒤〮 (Yale:twúy)븍〮 (Yale:púk)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576븍녁 (Yale:puknyek)
뒤 (Yale:twuy)		븍 (Yale:puk)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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KoreanWikisource has texts containing thehanja:

Wikisource

北 (eumhun북녘북(bungnyeok buk))

  1. Hanja form? of북 (“north”).

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Chinese北 (MC bwojH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448ᄈᆡᆼ〮 (Yale:ppóy)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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北 (eumhun달아날배(daranal bae))

  1. Hanja form? of배 (“toescape; toflee”).

Compounds

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Compounds

Proper noun

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Hanja in this term
北

北• (Buk) (hangeul북)

  1. (in headlines)Short for北(북)韓(한)(Bukhan,“(South Korea)North Korea”).
Usage notes
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A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in theHanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of anyHanja.

See also
[edit]

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[3]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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See also:
北

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
北
にし
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Cognate with mainlandJapanese西(nishi,“west”).

Noun

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北(にし) (nishi) 

  1. north;northern;northwards

Derived terms

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References

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  • “ニシ” inHaisai Okinawan Dialect.
  • “にし【北】” inJLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
  • “ニシ（にし）” inOkinawan Dialect Dictionary - Ajima.
  • “にし” inOkinawan Dictionary - KozaWeb.

Old Japanese

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Etymology

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Unknown.

Noun

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北 (KITA)

  1. north
    • 711–712,Kojiki:
      御陵在畝火山之北方白檮尾上也。
      There was a ridge at the imperial tomb.North of Pi₂yama, a white taowu's tail is at the top.
    • 720,Nihon Shoki:
      今在海北道中 [...]
      Now, in the northern road of the sea [...]
    • c.759,Man’yōshū,book 13,poem 3242:
      百岐年三野之國之高北之八十一隣之宮爾
      momoki₁ne mi₁no₁ NO₂ KUNI NO₂ TAKAKITA NO₂ kukuri NO₂ MI₂YA ni
      The palace of Kukuri in the highnorth of Mino-no-kuni...

Southern Amami Ōshima

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Kanji in this term
北
にし
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Kanji

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See also:
北

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Cognate with mainlandJapanese西(nishi,“west”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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北(にし) (nisi) 

  1. north;northern;northwards

References

[edit]
  • “にし【北】” inJLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Tày

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Noun

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北 (bắc)

  1. Nôm form ofbắc(“north”).
    佷東北丑寅㐌聀
    Cần đôngbắc, sửu dần đạ chắc
    People from everywhere and everywhen knows it all
  2. Nôm form ofbắc(“net”).
    付許娘㓜北𫠯撰
    Phó hẩư nàng aubắc lồng sỏn
    Hand it over to the lady to bring thenet down there and scoop
  3. Nôm form ofbắc(“step”).
    芮𱒢真敯荣拾北
    Rườn vỉ chăn hôn giùng sípbắc
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Verb

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北 (pắc)

  1. Nôm form ofpắc(“torow”).
    北𱣸斉治过啓大
    Pắc lừa tẻ tấy quá khái đại
    Row the boat to go the other route

References

[edit]
  • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor,Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[4] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

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Han character

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北:Hán Nôm readings:bắc,bác,bấc,bậc,bước

Noun

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北

  1. chữ Hán form ofbắc(“north”).

Coordinate terms

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compass points: [edit]

tây bắc(西北)bắc(北)đông bắc(東北)
tây(西)đông(東)
tây nam(西南)nam(南)đông nam(東南)

Zhuang

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Noun

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北

  1. Sawndip form ofbyaek(“vegetable”)
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=北&oldid=83843409"
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