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խաչ

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Armenian

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Cross on the wall of the Armenian monastery Goshavank

Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Armenianխաչ(xačʻ).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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խաչ (xačʻ)

  1. cross(geometrical figure)
  2. (Christianity) thecross
    սուրբ խաչsurb xačʻholy cross
  3. (figuratively)cross,sorrows,tribulation
  4. (card games)club

Declension

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i-type, inanimate (Eastern Armenian)
singularplural
nominativeխաչ(xačʻ)խաչեր(xačʻer)
dativeխաչի(xačʻi)խաչերի(xačʻeri)
ablativeխաչից(xačʻicʻ)խաչերից(xačʻericʻ)
instrumentalխաչով(xačʻov)խաչերով(xačʻerov)
locativeխաչում(xačʻum)խաչերում(xačʻerum)
definite forms
nominativeխաչը /խաչն(xačʻə / xačʻn)խաչերը/խաչերն(xačʻerə/xačʻern)
dativeխաչին(xačʻin)խաչերին(xačʻerin)
1st person possessive forms (my)
nominativeխաչս(xačʻs)խաչերս(xačʻers)
dativeխաչիս(xačʻis)խաչերիս(xačʻeris)
ablativeխաչիցս(xačʻicʻs)խաչերիցս(xačʻericʻs)
instrumentalխաչովս(xačʻovs)խաչերովս(xačʻerovs)
locativeխաչումս(xačʻums)խաչերումս(xačʻerums)
2nd person possessive forms (your)
nominativeխաչդ(xačʻd)խաչերդ(xačʻerd)
dativeխաչիդ(xačʻid)խաչերիդ(xačʻerid)
ablativeխաչիցդ(xačʻicʻd)խաչերիցդ(xačʻericʻd)
instrumentalխաչովդ(xačʻovd)խաչերովդ(xačʻerovd)
locativeխաչումդ(xačʻumd)խաչերումդ(xačʻerumd)

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Related terms

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See also

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Suits in Armenian ·համագույնխաղաթուղթ(hamaguyn xaġatʻuġtʻ)(layout ·text)
սիրտ(sirt)ագուռ(aguṙ),քյարփինջ(kʻyarpʻinǰ),քյափ(kʻyapʻ)ագռավ(agṙav),ղառ(ġaṙ),մաչա(mačʻa)խաչ(xačʻ),խաչիկ(xačʻik),ճանճ(čanč)

Old Armenian

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Etymology

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The origin is uncertain.

Lidén connects withPersianخاده(xâda,pole; stake; gibbet),Lithuaniankótas(broomstick),Latviankāts(handle, shaft), and derives all fromProto-Indo-European.[1][2] This is accepted by Ačaṙean, who adduces alsoOld Armenianխոչ(xočʻ,a piece of wood, stone protruding from ground upon which one may stumble, an obstacle) andխէչ(xēčʻ),խեչ(xečʻ,prop, stay, on which plants are supported) asablaut grades.[3] If this is correct, the initial meaning ofխաչ(xačʻ) was "stake, stick, upright pile". For the sense development compareGeorgianჯვარი(ǯvari),Ancient Greekσταυρός(staurós,upright stake or pile; crucifix),Gothic𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰(galga,stake; cross; gallows), ManichaeanParthian𐫅𐫀𐫡(dʾr/⁠dār⁠/,tree, gallows, cross; wood).

Olsen rejects the above etymology on phonetic grounds.[4]

Note also dialectalGeorgianხაჭა(xač̣a,long, thick stick) which is probably somehow related.

The words for "Christian cross" in neighbouring languages are certainly borrowed from Christian Armenians, in some cases possibly via Persianخاچ(xâč).[5][6][7][8][9]

Noun

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խաչ (xačʻ)

  1. crucifix
    ի խաչ հանելi xačʻ hanelto crucify
    կախել զխաչէkaxel zxačʻēto crucify
    ի խաչ ելանելi xačʻ elanelto be crucified
    սուրբ խաչsurb xačʻthe Cross, the Holy Rood
  2. (Christianity) thecross
    խաչ առնել, հանելxačʻ aṙnel, hanelto make the sign of the cross, to cross oneself
  3. (figuratively)cross,sorrows,tribulation

Declension

[edit]
i-type
singularplural
nominativeխաչ(xačʻ)խաչք(xačʻkʻ)
genitiveխաչի(xačʻi)խաչից(xačʻicʻ)
dativeխաչի(xačʻi)խաչից(xačʻicʻ)
accusativeխաչ(xačʻ)խաչս(xačʻs)
ablativeխաչէ(xačʻē)խաչից(xačʻicʻ)
instrumentalխաչիւ(xačʻiw)խաչիւք(xačʻiwkʻ)
locativeխաչի(xačʻi)խաչս(xačʻs)

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  1. ^Lidén, Evald (1927) “Der armenische Name des Kreuzes”, inHandes Amsorya[1] (in German), volume41, numbers11–12, columns765–766
  2. ^Lidén, Evald (1929) “Zur vergleichenden Wortgeschichte”, inZeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen[2] (in German), volume56, number3/4, pages211—212
  3. ^Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խաչ”, inHayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press,pages333—335
  4. ^Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999)The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs;119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter,page955
  5. ^Solta, G. R. (1960)Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9)‎[3] (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages308—309
  6. ^Räsänen, Martti (1969)Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page151b
  7. ^Asatryan, Gaṙnik (1990) “Ardyokʻ ka?n haykakan pʻoxaṙutʻyunner nor parskerenum [Are There Armenian Borrowings in New Persian?]”, inPatma-banasirakan handes [Historical-Philological Journal]‎[4] (in Armenian), number 3, page 144 of 139–144
  8. ^Dankoff, Robert (1995)Armenian Loanwords in Turkish (Turcologica;21), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag,page162
  9. ^Boeschoten, Hendrik (2022) “ẖāč”, inA Dictionary of Early Middle Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies;I.169), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page133a

Further reading

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  • Awetikʻean, G.,Siwrmēlean, X.,Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “խաչ”, inNor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
  • Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “խաչ”, inNor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
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