FromProto-Slavic*kako.
как• (kak) (notcomparable)
- as
- how
как• (kak)
- as
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FromProto-Turkic*kak. Cognate toSouthern Altaiкак(kak), etc.
как• (kak)
- dry
- “ҚАҚ”, inEtimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), Moscow,1974–, pages218, 219
Inherited fromOld East Slavicкако(kako), fromProto-Slavic*kako.
как• (kak)
- (with averb orshort-formadjective, which can be implied and omitted)how(in what way, in what manner)(translated as "what" with some verbs)
- Synonym:каки́м о́бразом(kakím óbrazom)
- Каконэ́тосде́лал? ―Kak on éto sdélal? ―How did he do that?
- Как дела́? ―Kak delá? ―How are things?
- Какпройти́напо́чту? ―Kak projtí na póčtu? ―How can I get to the post office?
- Каквасзову́т? ―Kak vas zovút? ―What's your name? (literally, “How do (they/people) call you?”)
- Каква́шафами́лия? ―Kak váša famílija? ―What's your surname? (literally, “How does your surname (go/sound/etc.)?”)
- Какэ́тобу́детпо-ру́сски /нару́сском? ―Kak éto búdet po-rússki / na rússkom? ―What's that in Russian? /What would that be in Russian? (literally, “How will that be in Russian?”)
- Каквыэ́тоназыва́ете? ―Kak vy éto nazyvájete? ―What do you call this? (literally, “How do you call this?”)
- Кактыду́маешь,чтоонде́лает? ―Kak ty dúmaješʹ, što on délajet? ―What do you think he's doing? (literally, “How do you think, what is he doing?”)
- Какрасполо́женызда́ния? ―Kak raspolóženy zdánija? ―How are the buildings situated?
- Какбыла́проведена́процеду́ра? ―Kak bylá provedená procedúra? ―How was the procedure conducted?
- Янезна́ю,какэ́торабо́тает. ―Ja ne znáju,kak éto rabótajet. ―I don't knowhow this works.
- Янезна́ю,каконэ́тосде́лал. ―Ja ne znáju,kak on éto sdélal. ―I don’t knowhow he did it.
- Язабы́л,какэ́тоназыва́ется. ―Ja zabýl,kak éto nazyvájetsja. ―I forgotwhat that's called. (literally, “I forgothow that's called.”)
- Мнененра́вится,каконпоступи́л. ―Mne ne nrávitsja,kak on postupíl. ―I don't likewhat he did. (literally, “I don't likehow he acted/behaved/did things.”)
- (with anadverb orshort-formadjective)how(to what extent/degree)
- Synonyms:(with a long-form adjective; must be declined)како́й(kakój),наско́лько(naskólʹko),сколь(skolʹ)
- Какдалеко́онушёл? ―Kak dalekó on ušól? ―How far did he go?
- Какдо́лгоэ́топродолжа́ется? ―Kak dólgo éto prodolžájetsja? ―How long has this been going on?
- Янезнал,какэ́това́жнодляних. ―Ja ne znal,kak éto vážno dlja nix. ―I didn't knowhow important it was for them.
- (exclamative, with anadverb orshort-formadjective)how(to a significant extent/degree) (used to indicate surprise, delight or horror)
- Synonyms:(with a long-form adjective; must be declined)како́й(kakój),наско́лько(naskólʹko),сколь(skolʹ)
- Какздо́рово! ―Kak zdórovo! ―How great!
- Какужа́сно! ―Kak užásno! ―How horrible!
- Какбы́строонбежи́т! ―Kak býstro on bežít! ―How fast he runs!
- (concessive, withни(ni) and ashort-formadjective,adverb orverb)as,however,howevermuch
- Каконниумён... ―Kak on ni umjón... ―Clever as he is...
- Какнистра́нно... ―Kak ni stránno... ―As strange as it may seem... / Oddly enough...
1872, Николай Семёнович Лесков (Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov),Соборяне, part 4, chapter 6; translated asIsabel Hapgood, transl.,The Cathedral Folk, London,1924, page88:Как его́ ни упра́шивали хоть что́-нибудь вы́пить, он на все про́сьбы отвеча́л:
— Нет, нет, освободи́те! Я ро́вно, ро́вно вина́ никако́го не пью.- Kak jevó ni uprášivali xotʹ štó-nibudʹ výpitʹ, on na vse prósʹby otvečál:
— Net, net, osvobodíte! Ja róvno, róvno viná nikakóvo ne pʹju. - Urge himas they would to drink something, he replied to all entreaties:
"No, no, release me! I cannot drink liquor, absolutely no liquor at all."
1982, Сергей Донатович Довлатов (Sergei Donatovich Dovlatov),Зона (Записки надзирателя); translated as Anne Frydman, transl.,The Zone: A Prison Camp Guard's Story, A.A. Knopf,1985, page22:Как я ни му́чился,как ни проклина́л э́ту жизнь, созна́ние функциони́ровало безотка́зно.- Kak ja ni múčilsja,kak ni proklinál étu žiznʹ, soznánije funkcionírovalo bezotkázno.
- However much I suffered,however much I cursed that life, my consciousness functioned without fail.
- (between same-tense verbs)as soon as,when
- Synonyms:как то́лько(kak tólʹko),когда́(kogdá)
- Яприе́ду,каксмогу́. ―Ja prijédu,kak smogú. ―I'll comeas soon as I can.
- Яотпра́влютебе́фо́тку,какуви́жуего́. ―Ja otprávlju tebé fótku,kak uvížu jevó. ―I'll send you a picas soon as I see it.
- Яостанови́лся,какуслы́шалего́го́лос. ―Ja ostanovílsja,kak uslýšal jevó gólos. ―I stoppedas soon as I heard his voice.
- (after a phrase about passed time and before a verbal phrase)since (the last time something happened)
- Synonyms:с тех по́р, как(s tex pór, kak);с того́ вре́мени, как(s tovó vrémeni, kak);с того́ моме́нта, как(s tovó moménta, kak)
- Прошёлгод,какмыви́делись. ―Prošól god,kak my vídelisʹ. ―It's been a yearsince we've seen each other.
- (in the following construction withтак(tak) andи(i))both (or not translated)
- Synonym:и ...,и ...(i ..., i ...)
- Э́топрино́ситпо́льзукакмолоды́м,такиста́рым. ―Éto prinósit pólʹzukak molodým, tak i stárym. ―This benefitsboth the young and the old. (literally, “This brings benefit in the same way (it does) to the oldas (it does) to the young too.”)
- (colloquial, with a conjugatedperfective verb)suddenly,all of a sudden (in the past)
- Каконвско́чит! ―Kak on vskóčit! ―All of a sudden, he jumped up!
- Онкакзакричи́т! ―Onkak zakričít! ―He suddenly started shouting/screaming!
как• (kak)
- like(in the same manner as / a similar manner to);occasionallyas
- Synonyms:(archaic)а́ки(áki),бу́дто(búdto),сло́вно(slóvno),(dated)я́ко(jáko)
- Она́вы́глядиткакзнамени́тость. ―Oná výgljaditkak znamenítostʹ. ―She lookslike a celebrity.
- Звук «г»,каквсло́ве «good». ―Zvuk «g»,kak v slóve «good». ―The sound "g",like/as in the word "good".
- Онотноси́лсякэ́томукаккрабо́те. ―On otnosílsja k étomukak k rabóte. ―He treated itlike/as a job.
- широ́кийкакмо́ре ―širókijkak móre ―widelike the sea / (as) wideas the sea
- Бу́дьтекакдо́ма. ―Búdʹtekak dóma. ―Make yourself at home. (literally, “Belike at home.”)
- as(in the capacity/role of)
- Synonyms:бу́дучи(búduči)(about the subject only),в ка́честве(v káčestve)
- В настоя́щее вре́мядомфункциони́руеткакмузе́й. ―V nastojáščeje vrémja dom funkcionírujetkak muzéj. ―The house now functionsas a museum.
- Яговорю́э́токакчелове́к,кото́рыйхо́четпомога́тьдруги́м. ―Ja govorjú étokak čelovék, kotóryj xóčet pomogátʹ drugím. ―I say thisas a man who wants to help others.
- Ялюблю́еёкакчелове́ка. ―Ja ljubljú jejókak čelovéka. ―I love heras a person.
- as,since(because, due to the fact that)
- Synonym:так как(tak kak)(more common)
- Икакондо́лгонеприходи́л,обе́датьста́либезнего́. ―Ikak on dólgo ne prixodíl, obédatʹ stáli bez nevó. ―Andsince he hadn't arrived for a long time, they began to have lunch without him.
- (when beginning a clause afterтак (же)(tak (že)) + ashort-formadjective oradverb)as (introducing an object or scenario of comparison)
- Они́так (же)краси́вы,какнафотогра́фиях. ―Oní tak (že) krasívy,kak na fotográfijax. ―They're as beautifulas (they are) on the photos.
- Ихнетакмно́го,какка́жется. ―Ix ne tak mnógo,kak kážetsja. ―There aren't as many of themas it seems.
- (when beginning a clause after averb orshort-formadjective +так (же)(tak (že)))as (introducing an object or scenario of comparison; can also be "how" +pronoun +verb in this case, or even just "how", if a verb and pronoun already exist)
- Она́звучи́ттак (же),каквфи́льмах. ―Oná zvučít tak (že),kak v fílʹmax. ―She sounds the same as / like (she does) in the films. / She sounds (like)how she does in the films.
- Они́располо́женытак (же),какнасхе́ме. ―Oní raspolóženy tak (že),kak na sxéme. ―They are positioned as/like (they are) on the diagram. / They are positioned (like)how they are on the diagram. / They are positioned (in) the same wayas on the diagram.
- Они́говоря́тнетак,какговори́ммы. ―Oní govorját ne tak,kak govorím my. ―They don't talk (like)how we talk. / They don't talk like we talk.
- Used to connect a verb of perception (see, hear etc.) with a verb phrase describing an action being perceived. Usually not translated, but can sometimes be translated as "how". Sometimes,что(što) can be used in place ofкак(kak), but this has a different meaning and is usually translated as "that".
- Яподслу́шал,каконговори́лсмое́йсестро́й. ―Ja podslúšal,kak on govoríl s mojéj sestrój. ―I overheard him talking to my sister.
- Яви́дела,какона́ходи́лазанимвшко́ле. ―Ja vídela,kak oná xodíla za nim v škóle. ―I saw her following him around in school. (literally, “I sawhow she was following him around in school.”)
- Япо́мню,какона́пла́калавраздева́лке. ―Ja pómnju,kak oná plákala v razdeválke. ―I remember her crying in the changing room. (literally, “I rememberhow she was crying in the changing room.”)
- (colloquial, between a duplicated noun)Used to emphasise the insignificance of something, that something isn't special.
- Паца́нкакпаца́н,норма́льныйма́льчик. ―Pacánkak pacán, normálʹnyj málʹčik. ―He's just a guy, a normal boy.
- (with a negative orinterrogative)except,besides,other than
- Synonym:кро́ме(króme)
- Бо́льшене́кому,кактебе́. ―Bólʹše nékomu,kak tebé. ―There's no onebut you.
- Кто,какнемы? ―Kto,kak ne my? ―Who else,if not us?
CategoryRussian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷe- not found
как• (kak) f inan pl orm inan pl
- genitiveplural ofка́ка(káka)
FromProto-Turkic*kak. Cognate toKyrgyzкак(kak), etc.
как• (kak)
- dry
- N. A. Baskakov, Toščakova N.A, editor (1947), “как”, inOjrotsko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Oyrot-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: M.: OGIZ,→ISBN
- Levitskaja, L. S.;Dybo, A. V.;Rassadin, V. I. (1997),Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages218, 219
