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бꙑти

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:быти

Old Church Slavonic

Etymology

FromProto-Slavic*byti, fromProto-Balto-Slavic*bū́ˀtei, fromProto-Indo-European*bʰuh₂-. Baltic cognates includeLithuanianbū́ti andLatvianbût. Other Indo-European cognates includeLatinfuī(“I was”),Ancient Greekφύω(phúō),Sanskritभवति(bhávati,“to become”), andPersianبودن(bûdan,“to be”),Old Englishbēon (Englishbe).

Verb

бꙑти• (byti) impf

tobe
- from theLife of Constantine:
  филосѡѳе, вѣмь тѧ троуднасоуща, но достоить тебѣ тамо ити.
  filosoθe, věmĭ tę trudnasušta, no dostoitĭ tebě tamo iti.
  Philosopher, I see that youare weary, but it does suit you to go there.

Usage notes

	A user suggests that this Old Church Slavonic entry be cleaned up, giving the reason:“manual inflection table should be moved to a template”.
	Please see the discussion onRequests for cleanup⁽⁺⁾ or thetalk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

Attested бѣ-forms^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
бѣхъ	ⰱⱑ^[7]	ⰱⱑ,^[8] бѣше,^[9] бѣѣше,^[10] бѣаше^[11]
?	?	(бѣста^[12]), (бѣаста^[13]), ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ,^[14] ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ^[15]
ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ^[16]	?	бѣшѧ,^[17] бѣхѫ,^[18] бѣѣхѫ,^[19] бѣахѫ^[20]

Attested би-forms^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]
бимь/бимъ	би	би
?	?	?
бимъ/бимь,бихомъ	бисте	бѫ,бишѧ

Conjugation

	present	imperfective	aorist	future	imperative	perfective aorist
1st person sg	есмь(esmĭ)	бѣахъ(běaxŭ)	бѣхъ(běxŭ)	бѫдѫ(bǫdǫ)	бѫдѣмь(bǫděmĭ)	бꙑхъ(byxŭ)
2nd person sg	еси(esi)	бѣаше(běaše)	бѣ(bě)	бѫдеши(bǫdeši)	бѫди(bǫdi)	бꙑстъ(bystŭ) /бꙑ(by)
3rd person sg	естъ(estŭ)	бѣаше(běaše)	бѣ(bě)	бѫдетъ(bǫdetŭ)	бѫди(bǫdi)	бꙑстъ(bystŭ) /бꙑ(by)
1st person dual	есвѣ(esvě)	бѣаховѣ(běaxově)	бѣховѣ(běxově)	бѫдевѣ(bǫdevě)	бѫдѣвѣ(bǫděvě)	бꙑховѣ(byxově)
2nd person dual	еста(esta)	бѣашета(běašeta)	бѣста(běsta)	бѫдета(bǫdeta)	бѫдѣта(bǫděta)	бꙑста(bysta)
3rd person dual	есте(este)	бѣашете(běašete)	бѣсте(běste)	бѫдете(bǫdete)	бѫдѣте(bǫděte)	бꙑсте(byste)
1st person pl	есмъ(esmŭ)	бѣахомъ(běaxomŭ)	бѣхомъ(běxomŭ)	бѫдемъ(bǫdemŭ)	бѫдѣмъ(bǫděmŭ)	бꙑхомъ(byxomŭ)
2nd person pl	есте(este)	бѣашете(běašete)	бѣсте(běste)	бѫдете(bǫdete)	бѫдѣте(bǫděte)	бꙑсте(byste)
3rd person pl	сѫтъ(sǫtŭ)	бѣахѫ(běaxǫ)	бѣшѧ(běšę)	бѫдѫтъ(bǫdǫtŭ)	бѫдѫ(bǫdǫ)	бꙑшѧ(byšę)

participles

	masculine sg	neuter sg	feminine sg
present active participle	сꙑ(sy)	сꙑ(sy)	сѫщи(sǫšti)
resultative participle	бꙑлъ(bylŭ)	бꙑло(bylo)	бꙑла(byla)
past active participle	бꙑвъ(byvŭ)	бꙑвъ(byvŭ)	бꙑвъши(byvŭši)
substantive	—	бꙑтьѥ, бꙑтиѥ(bytĭje, bytije)	—

не бꙑти (negative conjugation)

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	нѣсмь(něsmĭ)	нѣсвѣ(něsvě)	нѣсмъ(něsmŭ)
2nd person	нѣси(něsi)	нѣста(něsta)	нѣсте(něste)
3rd person	нѣстъ(něstŭ)	нѣсте(něste)	не сѫтъ(ne sǫtŭ)

Derived terms

бꙑтие(bytije)
бꙑть(bytĭ)
бꙑтьнъ(bytĭnŭ)
добꙑти(dobyti)
забꙑти(zabyti)
забꙑтие(zabytije)
забꙑть(zabytĭ)
забꙑтьливъ(zabytĭlivŭ)
избꙑти(izbyti)
избꙑтие(izbytije)
избꙑтъкъ(izbytŭkŭ)
небꙑтие(nebytije)
небꙑтьнъ(nebytĭnŭ)
неизбꙑтьнъ(neizbytĭnŭ)
прибꙑти(pribyti)
прибꙑтъкъ(pribytŭkŭ)
прѣбꙑти(prěbyti)
прѣбꙑтие(prěbytije)
прѣбꙑть(prěbytĭ)
прѣбꙑтьнъ(prěbytĭnŭ)
самобꙑтие(samobytije)
самобꙑтьнъ(samobytĭnŭ)
събꙑти(sŭbyti)
събꙑтие(sŭbytije)

Related terms

бꙑвати(byvati)
забꙑвати(zabyvati)
избꙑвание(izbyvanije)
избꙑвати(izbyvati)
обꙑвати(obyvati)
отъбꙑвати(otŭbyvati)
прибꙑвати(pribyvati)
прѣбꙑвание(prěbyvanije)
прѣбꙑвати(prěbyvati)
събꙑвати(sŭbyvati)

Descendants

Bulgarian:съм(sǎm),бъ́да(bǎ́da)

References

^Karl Meyer (1935), “бѣхъ, бѣ, бѣ, бѣаше, бѣхомъ, бѣшѧ, бѣахѫ, бѣста, бѣаста”, inAltkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[1] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg:Verlag J. J. Augustin, page21
^Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922), “бꙑти”, inСинайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[2] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd):Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page193
^Vatroslav Jagić (1883), “бꙑти”, inПамятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[3] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg:Imperial Academy of Sciences, page482
^Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903), “бꙑти”, inСаввина Книга‎^[4] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg:Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page156
^
^{The templateTemplate:R:cu:orv:ostr1057 does not use the parameter(s):a=1
Please seeModule:checkparams for help with this warning.}Григории, editor (1057), “бѣ, бѣ, бѣаста, бѣахѫ, бѣаше, бѣста, бѣсте, бѣхъ бѣхѫ, бѣше, бѣшѧ (leaf 52)”, inЕуглие [Ostromir Gospels]‎^[5] (in Old Church Slavonic), page52
^“бꙑти”, inhttp://syntacticus.org
^“ⱅⱏⰹ ⰱⱑ (line -13, leaf 39)”, inCodex Marianus [Ф.87 №6]‎^[6] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia,1016±16,pageMt:26:69
^“ⰱⱑ (leaf 260, line -7)”, inCodex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[7] (in Old Church Slavonic),National Library of Russia,1000±33,pageJn:11:1
^Сава, editor (1050±50), “бѣше (line 7, leaf 87)”, inSava's book‎^[8] (in Old Church Slavonic),pageJn:12:2
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣше”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[9] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 23.5, line 30
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаше”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[10] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 62, line 26
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣста”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[11] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 214.5, line 30
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаста”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[12] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 102.5, line 5
^“ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ (line 14, leaf 35)”, inCodex Assemanius [Vat. Slav. 3]‎^[13] (in Old Church Slavonic),Vatican Library,10xx?,pageMt:4:18
^“ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ (leaf 78, line -5)”, inCodex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[14] (in Old Church Slavonic),National Library of Russia,1000±33,pageMk:1:16
^“ⰴⰾⱏⰶⱐⱀⰻ ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ ⱄⱏⱅⰲⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ (leaf 195.5, line -9)”, inCodex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[15] (in Old Church Slavonic),National Library of Russia,1000±33
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣшѧ”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[16] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 10.5, line 17
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “прикладаѥма бѣхѫ”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[17] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 199, line 24
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣхѫ”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[18] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 77.5, line 13
^Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣахѫ”, inCodex Suprasliensis‎^[19] (in Old Church Slavonic), page(leaf) 1.5, line 28
^Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922), “II. бꙑти”, inСинайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[20] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd):Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page193
^Vatroslav Jagić (1883), “бꙑти”, inПамятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[21] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg:Imperial Academy of Sciences, page482
^Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903), “бꙑти”, inСаввина Книга‎^[22] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg:Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page156
^Karl Meyer (1935), “быти”, inAltkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[23] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg:Verlag J. J. Augustin, page22
^“бꙑти”, inhttp://syntacticus.org

Андрей Бояджиев,Старобългарска читанка, София, 2016.

Further reading

А. К. Поливанова, editor (2013), “Глагол бꙑти”, inСтарославянский язык. Грамматика. Словари.‎^[24] (in Russian), Moscow:Университет Дмитрия Пожарского,page329
А. К. Поливанова, editor (2013), “Глагол ѥсмь”, inСтарославянский язык. Грамматика. Словари.‎^[25] (in Russian), Moscow:Университет Дмитрия Пожарского,page328
Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “А. Таблица форм атематических глаголов”, inСтарославянский словарь (по рукописям X—XI веков) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)] (overall work in Russian), Moscow: Russkij jazyk,page829
Koch, Christoph (1990), “§ 66 Konj. I.1b (bǫdǫ byti)”, inDas morphologische System des altkirchenslavischen Verbums‎^[26] (in German), Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, page711
^{The templateTemplate:R:cu:orv:ostr1057 does not use the parameter(s):a=1
Please seeModule:checkparams for help with this warning.}Григории, editor (1057), “Спряженіе глаголовъ неправильныхъ. § 39. (leaf 30)”, inЕуглие [Ostromir Gospels]‎^[27] (in Old Church Slavonic), page30
Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “бꙑти”, inСтарославянский словарь (по рукописям X—XI веков) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)] (overall work in Russian), Moscow: Russkij jazyk,page103
Hauptova Z., editor (1958–1997), “бꙑти”, inSlovník jazyka staroslověnského (Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae)‎^[28], volume 1 (overall work in Czech), Prague: Euroslavica, page152

Old East Slavic

Etymology

FromProto-Slavic*byti. Cognates includeOld Church Slavonicбꙑти(byti) andOld Polishbyć.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɯti/→/ˈbɯtʲi/→/ˈbɯtʲi/

(ca. 9^th CE)IPA^(key): /ˈbɯti/
(ca. 11^th CE)IPA^(key): /ˈbɯtʲi/
(ca. 13^th CE)IPA^(key): /ˈbɯtʲi/

Hyphenation:бꙑ‧ти

Verb

бꙑти (byti) impf

(copulative) tobe
- 1076,Sviatoslav's izbornik‎^[29], page 1:
  Доброесть, братиѥ, почѥтаньѥ книжьноѥ։ паче вьсѧкомоу хрьстьꙗноу·
  Dobrojestĭ, bratije, počjetanĭje knižĭnoje։ pače vĭsękomu xrĭstĭjanu·
  The reading of booksis good, brothers: more so for any Christian.
- 14th c.,Merilo Pravednoye: Trinity copy‎^[30], page10:
  Б҃ъѥсть надъ всѣми вѣки. и преже бꙑтьꙗ всеꙗ твари. и преже свѣта разѵмнагѡ.
  B:ŭjestĭ nadŭ vsěmi věki. i preže bytĭja vseja tvari. i preže světa razümnago.
  Godis above all lives. And before the existance of all creation. And before the rational world.
- c.1425,Hypatian Codex‎^[31], page 7:
  Се жесоуть и҆мена кнѧ̀ꙁемь кие҆вьскыⷨ кнѧжившиⷨ в кие҆вѣ.
  Se žesutĭ imena knę̀zemĭ kijevĭskyⷨ knęživšiⷨ v kijevě.
  And theseare the names of the Kievan princes who ruled in Kiev.
(auxiliary)With the l-participle, used to form the past tense.
- 1377,Dmitry of Suzdal,Laurentian Codex‎^[32], page 1:
  ѿкудуєсть пошла рускаꙗ ꙁемѧ.
  otŭkudujestĭ pošla ruskaja zemę.
  Whencehas originated the Rus land.
(auxiliary, verb in the 3rd person singular, subject in the dative) tohave to

Conjugation

Conjugation ofбꙑти (irregular)

Present Active Participle		Present Passive Participle	Past Active Participle	Past Passive Participle
		Singular	Dual	Plural
Present	1st	есмь jesmĭ	есвѣ jesvě	есмъ jesmŭ
	2nd	еси jesi	еста jesta	есте jeste
	3rd	есть jestĭ	еста jesta	сѫть sǫtĭ
Aorist	1st	бꙑхъ,бѣхъ byxŭ, běxŭ	бꙑховѣ,бѣховѣ byxově, běxově	бꙑхомъ,бѣхомъ byxomŭ, běxomŭ
	2nd	бꙑ,бꙑсть,бѣ by, bystĭ, bě	бꙑста,бѣста bysta, běsta	бꙑсте,бѣсте byste, běste
	3rd	бꙑ,бꙑсть,бѣ by, bystĭ, bě	бꙑста,бѣста bysta, běsta	бꙑша,бѣша byša, běša
Imperfect	1st	бѣахъ,бꙗхъ běaxŭ, bjaxŭ	бѣаховѣ,бꙗховѣ běaxově, bjaxově	бѣахомъ,бꙗхомъ běaxomŭ, bjaxomŭ
	2nd	бѣаше,бꙗше běaše, bjaše	бѣаста,бꙗста běasta, bjasta	бѣасте,бꙗсте běaste, bjaste
	3rd	бѣаше,бꙗше běaše, bjaše	бѣаста,бꙗста běasta, bjasta	бѣаша,бꙗша,бꙗхѫ běaša, bjaša, bjaxǫ
Imperative		бѫди bǫdi	бѫдѣта bǫděta	бѫдѣте bǫděte
Cohortative		— —	бѫдѣвѣ bǫděvě	бѫдѣмъ bǫděmŭ
сꙑ sy		— —	бꙑвъ byvŭ	— —
L-Participle		Infinitive	Supine
бꙑлъ bylŭ		бꙑти byti	бꙑтъ bytŭ

Future conjugation ofбꙑти (irregular)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st	бѫдѫ bǫdǫ	бѫдевѣ bǫdevě	бѫдемъ bǫdemŭ
2nd	бѫдеши bǫdeši	бѫдета bǫdeta	бѫдете bǫdete
3rd	бѫдеть bǫdetĭ	бѫдета bǫdeta	бѫдѫть bǫdǫtĭ
Future Active Participle	бѫда bǫda

Descendants

Old Ruthenian:бы́ти(býti)
- Belarusian:быць(bycʹ)
- Carpathian Rusyn:бы́ти(bŷ́ty)
- Ukrainian:бу́ти(búty)
Russian:быть(bytʹ)

References

Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893), “бꙑти”, inМатеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[33] (in Russian), volume 1(А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences,column204

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