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þem

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:them

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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them,þeim,þeime,þeym,þeyme,þeme,þaim,þaime,þaym,þayme,þam,þame,þeȝȝm
þaem,yem,yam,yame,yham(Northern)
yem,yam,yame,yham(northeast Midland)
taim,taym,tam(Northern, aftert ord)

Etymology 1

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FromOld Norseþeim. Comparehem(“them”).

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /θæi̯m/,/ðæi̯m/,(originally unstressed)/ðɛm/^[1]^[2]

Pronoun

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þem (nominativeþei)

Third-person plural accusative pronoun:them^[3]
- 1430–1440, “II. Playsterers. The Creation, to the Fifth Day.”, inLucy Toulmin Smith, editor,York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries: […] (overall work in Middle English), Oxford: At theClarendon Press, published1885,→OCLC,page 9, lines17–20:
  Þe water I will set / to flowe bothe fare and nere, / And þhan þe firmament, / in mydis to setþame sere.
  The water I will set / to flow both far and near, / And then the firmament, / in their midst to setthemsere [separately].
(reflexive)themselves

Descendants

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English:them,thame
Scots:thaim,them

Middle English personal pronouns
			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive	possessive
singular	1st person		I,ich,ik	me		min mi¹	min
	2nd person		þou	þe		þin þi¹	þin
	3rd person	m	he	him hine²	him	his	his hisen
		f	sche,heo	hire heo	hire		hire hires,hiren
		n	hit		hit him²	his,hit	—
dual³	1st person		wit	unk		unker
dual³	2nd person		ȝit	inc		inker
plural	1st person		we	us,ous		oure	oure oures,ouren
	2nd person⁴		ye	yow		your	your youres,youren
	3rd person	inh.	he	hem he²	hem	here	here heres,heren
	3rd person	bor.	þei	þem,þeim		þeir	þeir þeires,þeiren

¹ Used preconsonantally or beforeh.
² Early or dialectal.
³Dual pronouns are only sporadically found in Early Middle English; after that, they are replaced by plural forms. There are no third person dual forms in Middle English.
⁴ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd person singular.

References

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^Brink, Daniel (1992), “Variation between <þ-> and <t-> in theOrmulum”, in Irmengard Rauch, Gerald F. Carr, Robert L. Kyes, editors,On Germanic Linguistics: Issues and Methods (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs;68),De Gruyter Mouton,→DOI,→ISBN, pages21-35.
^Thurber, Beverly A. (15 February 2011), “Voicing of Initial Interdental Fricatives in Early Middle English Function Words”, inJournal of Germanic Linguistics, volume23, number 1,Cambridge University Press,→DOI, pages65-81.
^“theim,pron.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007.

Etymology 2

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Determiner

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þem

(Southwest)alternative form ofþan(“the, that, this”)

Etymology 3

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Noun

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þem (pluralþemes)

alternative form ofteme(“family, tribe”)

Etymology 4

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Noun

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þem (third-person singular simple presentþemeþ,present participleþemende,first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participleþemed)

alternative form oftemen(“to produce offspring”)

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