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þeir

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:their

Icelandic

Etymology

FromOld Norseþeir.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /θeiːr/
Homophone:þeyr
(colloquial)IPA^(key): [ðeir].

Rhymes:-eiːr

Pronoun

þeir (m)

(personal pronoun): nominative plural of the wordhann meaning "he"; literally meaning "they"
Hvernig vitaþeirþetta?
How dotheyknow that?
Strákar;þeirelska stelpur og stelpur elska þá.
Boys;theylove girls and girls love them.
(demonstrative pronoun):,plural ofsá

See also

Icelandic personal pronouns
singular	first person	second person	third person
singular	first person	second person	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ég,eg,ek^†	þú	hann	hún,hon^†,hón^†	það,þat^†
accusative	mig,mik^†	þig,þik^†	hann	hana	það,þat^†
dative	mér	þér	honum,hánum^†	henni	því
genitive	mín	þín	hans	hennar	þess

plural	first person	second person	third person
plural	first person	second person	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	við	þið,þit^†	þeir	þær	þau
accusative	okkur	ykkur	þá	þær	þau
dative	okkur	ykkur	þeim	þeim	þeim
genitive	okkar	ykkar	þeirra	þeirra	þeirra

^†Archaic. See alsohonorific pronouns.

Middle English

Alternative forms

þeire,þeyr,þeyre,their,theire,theyr,theyre,þer,þere,ther,there,þair,þaire,þayr,thair,thaire,thayre,þar,þare,thar,thare,þaier,thiere,þur,þeȝȝre,yeir,yar,yair,yaire,tar,teȝȝre

Etymology

Borrowed fromOld Norseþeirra.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθæi̯r(ə)/,/ˈðæi̯r(ə)/^[1]^[2]

Determiner

þeir (nominative pronounþei)

Third-person plural genitive determiner:their^[3]

Pronoun

þeir (nominative pronounþei)

Third-person plural possessive pronoun:theirs, ofthem

Descendants

English:their
Scots:thair

See also

Middle English personal pronouns
			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive	possessive
singular	1st person		I,ich,ik	me		min mi¹	min
	2nd person		þou	þe		þin þi¹	þin
	3rd person	m	he	him hine²	him	his	his hisen
		f	sche,heo	hire heo	hire		hire hires,hiren
		n	hit		hit him²	his,hit	—
dual³	1st person		wit	unk		unker
dual³	2nd person		ȝit	inc		inker
plural	1st person		we	us,ous		oure	oure oures,ouren
	2nd person⁴		ye	yow		your	your youres,youren
	3rd person	inh.	he	hem he²	hem	here	here heres,heren
	3rd person	bor.	þei	þem,þeim		þeir	þeir þeires,þeiren

¹ Used preconsonantally or beforeh.
² Early or dialectal.
³Dual pronouns are only sporadically found in Early Middle English; after that, they are replaced by plural forms. There are no third person dual forms in Middle English.
⁴ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd person singular.

References

^Brink, Daniel (1992), “Variation between <þ-> and <t-> in theOrmulum”, in Irmengard Rauch, Gerald F. Carr and Robert L. Kyes, editors,On Germanic Linguistics: Issues and Methods (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs;68),De Gruyter Mouton,→DOI,→ISBN, pages21-35.
^Thurber, Beverly A. (15 February 2011), “Voicing of Initial Interdental Fricatives in Early Middle English Function Words”, inJournal of Germanic Linguistics, volume23, number 1,Cambridge University Press,→DOI, pages65-81.
^“their(e,,pron.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved4 June 2018.

Old Norse

Etymology

FromProto-Norse*ᚦᚨᛁᛉ(*þaiʀ), fromProto-Germanic*þai(“they, those”), plural masculine of*sa(“that”). Cognate withGothic𐌸𐌰𐌹(þai).

Pronoun

þeir

those(nominative plural masculine demonstrative pronoun)
they(third-person nominative plural masculine personal pronoun)

Declension

Old Norse personal pronouns
singular	first person	second person	reflexive	third person
singular	first person	second person	reflexive	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ek	þú	—	hann	hon,hón,hǫ́n	þat
accusative	mik	þik	sik	hann	hana,hána	þat
dative	mér	þér	sér	hánum,hónum,hǫ́num	henni	því
genitive	mín	þín	sín	hans	hennar	þess

dual	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	vit	it,þit	—
accusative	okkr	ykkr	sik
dative	okkr	ykkr	sér
genitive	okkar	ykkar	sín

plural	first person	second person	reflexive	third person
plural	first person	second person	reflexive	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	vér	ér,þér	—	þeir	þær	þau
accusative	oss	yðr	sik	þá	þær	þau
dative	oss	yðr	sér	þeim	þeim	þeim
genitive	vár	yðar,yðvar	sín	þeira,þeirra	þeira,þeirra	þeira,þeirra

Old Norse demonstrative pronouns

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sá	sú	þat
accusative	þann	þá	þat
dative	þeim	þeirri	því,þí
genitive	þess	þeirrar	þess
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	þeir	þær	þau
accusative	þá	þær	þau
dative	þeim	þeim	þeim
genitive	þeira,þeirra	þeira,þeirra	þeira,þeirra

Alternative forms

Nominative

ᚦᛅᛁᛦ(þaiʀ) —early Common Nordic
ᚦᛅᛁᚱ(þair),ᚦᛂᛁᚱ(þeir) —after merger ofr andʀ, occurring by the 800s in West Norse and late 1000s in East Norse
ᚦᛂᚱ(þer),ᚦᛂᛦ(þeʀ),ᚦᛁᚱ(þir),ᚦᛁᛦ(þiʀ) —after East Norse monophthongization, starting in the mid 900s in Denmark

Accusative

ᚦᛅ(þa)

Dative

ᚦᛅᛁᛘ(þaim) —Common Nordic
ᚦᛂᛁᛘ(þeim) —after invention of stung runes
ᚦᛂᛘ(þem),ᚦᛁᛘ(þim) —after East Norse monophthongization

Genitive

ᚦᛅᛁᚱᛅ(þaira),ᚦᛅᛁᛦᛅ(þaiʀa),ᚦᛂᛁᚱᛅ(þeira),ᚦᛂᛁᛦᛅ(þeiʀa),ᚦᛂᚱᛅ(þera),ᚦᛂᛦᛅ(þeʀa),ᚦᛁᚱᛅ(þira),ᚦᛁᛦᛅ(þiʀa)

Descendants

Icelandic:þeir
Faroese:teir
Norwegian Nynorsk:dei
Jamtish:di
Elfdalian:dier
Old Swedish:þēr,the,þir,thi
- Swedish:de,(archaic)the,dhe(dialectal)di,da
Old Danish:þhe,the
- Danish:de
- Norwegian Bokmål:de
Old Gutnish:þar
- Gutnish:dair,di
→ Middle English:thei,they
- Scots:they
- English:they

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=þeir&oldid=87163224"

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