Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. | |
|---|---|
 Ziegfeld in 1928 | |
| Born | Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. (1867-03-21)March 21, 1867 Chicago, Illinois U.S. |
| Died | July 22, 1932(1932-07-22) (aged 65) |
| Occupation(s) | Producer,impresario |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson |
Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. (/ˈzɪɡfɛld/; March 21, 1867 – July 22, 1932) was an AmericanBroadwayimpresario, notable for his series of theatricalrevues, theZiegfeld Follies (1907–1931), inspired by theFolies Bergère of Paris. He also produced the musicalShow Boat. He was known as the "glorifier of the American girl".[1] Ziegfeld is a member of theAmerican Theater Hall of Fame.[2]
Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. was born on March 21, 1867,[3]: 8 inChicago, Illinois. His mother, Rosalie (née de Hez), who was born inBelgium, was the grandniece of General CountÉtienne Maurice Gérard.[4][5] His father, Florenz Edward Ziegfeld, was a German immigrant whose father was the mayor ofJever inFriesland. Ziegfeld was baptized in his mother'sRoman Catholic church. His father wasLutheran.[3]: 7–8 As a child Ziegfeld witnessed theChicago fire of 1871.
His father ran theChicago Musical College and later opened a nightclub, theTrocadero, to profit from the 1893World's Fair.[6] To help his father's nightclub succeed, Ziegfeld hired and managed the strongmanEugen Sandow.[6][7]
In London, during a trip to Europe, Ziegfeld metAnna Held, a Polish-French singer ofJewish descent.[8] His promotion of Held in America brought about her meteoric rise to national fame.[9][10] It was Held who first suggested an American imitation of the Parisian Folies Bergère to Ziegfeld.[6][11] Her success in a series of his Broadway shows, especiallyA Parisian Model (1906), was a major reason for his starting a series of lavish revues in 1907.[12] Much of Held's popularity was due to Ziegfeld's creation of publicity stunts and rumors fed to the American press.
Ziegfeld's stage spectaculars, known as theZiegfeld Follies, began with Follies of 1907, which opened on July 7, 1907,[13] and were produced annually until 1931.[14] Theseextravaganzas, with elaborate costumes and sets, featured beauties chosen personally by Ziegfeld in production numbers choreographed to the works of prominent composers such asIrving Berlin,George Gershwin andJerome Kern.[1] The Follies featured the famousZiegfeld girls, female chorus dancers who wore elaborate costumes and performed in synchronization.
The Follies featured many performers who, though well known from previous work in other theatrical genres, achieved unique financial success and publicity with Ziegfeld. Included among these areNora Bayes,Fanny Brice,Ruth Etting,W. C. Fields,Eddie Cantor,Marilyn Miller,Will Rogers,Bert Williams andAnn Pennington.[14]
At a cost of $2.5 million, Ziegfeld built the 1600-seatZiegfeld Theatre on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets. Designed byJoseph Urban andThomas W. Lamb, the auditorium was egg-shaped, with the stage at the narrow end. A huge medieval-style mural,The Joy of Life, covered the walls and ceiling.[15] To finance the construction, Ziegfeld borrowed fromWilliam Randolph Hearst,[16] who took control of the theater after Ziegfeld's death.
The Ziegfeld Theatre opened in February 1927 with Ziegfeld's production ofRio Rita, which ran for nearly 500 performances. This was followed byShow Boat,[12] a great hit with a run of 572 performances.[6][17] This musical, which concerned racial discrimination in the South during the late nineteenth century, was a collaboration between Ziegfeld, Urban, and composerJerome Kern. The musical has been revived four times on Broadway, winning multipleTony Awards. The score features several classics such as "Ol' Man River" and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man".[18]
Ziegfeld lost much of his money in thestock market crash. In May 1932 he staged a revival ofShow Boat that ran for six months—a hit, by Depression standards.[19] That same year, he brought his Follies stars toCBS Radio withThe Ziegfeld Follies of the Air.[20]
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In 1896, Ziegfeld metAnna Held, an actress, in London.[21] Ziegfeld and Held began acommon-law marriage in 1897, and she divorced him in 1913, according to her obituary inThe New York Times dated August 13, 1918.[10][3]: 45 Held served Ziegfeld with divorce papers on April 14, 1912, and their divorce became final on January 9, 1913.[3]: 124–125 Held had submitted testimony about Ziegfeld's relationship with another woman.[22] The unnamed party in this romantic triangle was showgirlLillian Lorraine, an entertainer of limited talent but charismatic stage presence and beauty whom Ziegfeld discovered in 1907 when she was a 15-year-old performer in a Shubert production. Ziegfeld spent years promoting her career, transforming her into one of the most popular attractions in his Follies[23]: 18–19 and establishing her in an apartment two floors above the residence he shared with Held. He remained in love with Lorraine for the rest of his life.[23]: 63
Not long after his divorce from Held, Ziegfeld married actressBillie Burke on April 11, 1914. They had met at a New Year's Eve party.[1][24] They had one child,Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson (1916–2008). The family lived on his estate inHastings-on-Hudson, New York, and inPalm Beach, Florida.[25]Ziegfeld died inHollywood, California on July 22, 1932, frompleurisy, related to a previous lung infection.[1] He had been in Los Angeles only a few days after moving from aNew Mexico sanitarium.[1] His death left Burke with substantial debts, driving her toward film acting to settle them.[16] She died on May 14, 1970. He and Burke are interred inKensico Cemetery inValhalla, New York.
Ziegfeld was elected to theAmerican Theatre Hall of Fame.[26]
| Broadway theatre productions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Date | Title | Notes |
| 1896 | A Parlor Match | Herald Square Theatre[10][27] |
| 1898 | The French Maid | Herald Square Theatre[28] |
| 1898 | Way Down East | Manhattan Theatre[29] |
| 1898 | The Turtle | Manhattan Theatre[30] |
| 1899 | Mlle. Fifi | Manhattan Theatre[31] |
| 1899 | The Manicure | Manhattan Theatre[32] |
| 1899–1900 | Papa's Wife | Manhattan Theatre[33] |
| 1901–1902 | The Little Duchess | Casino Theatre,Grand Opera House[34] |
| 1903–1904 | Red Feather | Lyric Theatre, Grand Opera House[35] |
| 1903–1904 | Mam'selle Napoleon | Knickerbocker Theatre[36] |
| 1904–1905 | Higgledy-Piggledy | Weber andFields' Broadway Music Hall[37] |
| 1905 | Higgledy-Piggledy | Weber and Fields' Broadway Music Hall[38] |
| 1906–1907 | The Parisian Model | Broadway Theatre[39] |
| 1907 | Follies of 1907 | Jardin de Paris,Liberty Theatre, Grand Opera House[40] |
| 1908 | The Parisian Model | Broadway Theatre[41] |
| 1908 | The Soul Kiss | New York Theatre[42] |
| 1908 | Follies of 1908 | Jardin de Paris, New York Theatre[43] |
| 1908–1909 | Miss Innocence | New York Theatre[44] |
| 1909 | Follies of 1909 | Jardin de Paris[45] |
| 1909 | Miss Innocence | New York Theatre[46] |
| 1910 | Follies of 1910 | Jardin de Paris[47] |
| 1911 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1911 | Jardin de Paris[48] |
| 1912 | Over the River | Globe Theatre[49] |
| 1912 | A Winsome Widow | Moulin Rouge[50] |
| 1912–1913 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1912 | Moulin Rouge[51] |
| 1913 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1913 | Moulin Rouge[52] |
| 1914 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1914 | New Amsterdam Theatre[53] |
| 1915 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1915 | New Amsterdam Theatre[54] |
| 1916 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1916 | New Amsterdam Theatre[55] |
| 1916–1917 | The Century Girl | Century Theatre[56] |
| 1917 | Dance and Grow Thin | Cocoanut Grove Theatre[56] |
| 1917 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1917 | New Amsterdam Theatre[57] |
| 1917 | The Rescuing Angel | Hudson Theatre[58] |
| 1917–1918 | Miss 1917 | Century Theatre[59] |
| 1917–1918 | A Night in Spain | Cocoanut Grove Theatre[60] |
| 1918 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1918 | New Amsterdam Theatre, Globe Theatre[61] |
| 1918 | Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic | Ziegfeld Roof[62] |
| 1918 | By Pigeon Post | George M. Cohan's Theatre[63] |
| 1919 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1919 | New Amsterdam Theatre[64] |
| 1919 | Ziegfeld Nine O'Clock Review | New Amsterdam Theatre Roof[65] |
| 1919 | Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic | Danse de Follies[66] |
| 1919 | Caesar's Wife | Liberty Theatre[67] |
| 1919–1920 | Elsie Janis and Her Gang | George M. Cohan's Theatre[68] |
| 1920 | Ziegfeld Girls of 1920 | Danse de Follies[69] |
| 1920 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1920 | New Amsterdam Theatre[70] |
| 1920–1922 | Sally | New Amsterdam Theatre[71] |
| 1921 | Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic | Ziegfeld Roof[72] |
| 1921 | Ziegfeld 9 O'Clock Frolic | Danse de Follies[73] |
| 1921 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1921 | Globe Theatre[74] |
| 1921–1922 | The Intimate Strangers | Henry Miller's Theatre[75] |
| 1921–1922 | Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic | Danse de Follies[76] |
| 1922 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1922 | New Amsterdam Theatre[77] |
| 1922–1923 | Rose Briar | Empire Theatre[78] |
| 1923 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1923 | New Amsterdam Theatre[79] |
| 1923 | Sally | New Amsterdam Theatre[80] |
| 1923–1924 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1923 | New Amsterdam Theatre[81] |
| 1923–1925 | Kid Boots | Earl Carroll Theatre,Selwyn Theatre[82] |
| 1924–1925 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1924 | New Amsterdam Theatre[83] |
| 1924–1925 | Annie Dear | Times Square Theatre[84] |
| 1925 | Louis the 14th | Cosmopolitan Theatre[85] |
| 1925 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1925 | New Amsterdam Theatre[86] |
| 1926 | No Foolin' | Globe Theatre[87] |
| 1926–1927 | Betsy | New Amsterdam Theatre[88] |
| 1927–1928 | Rio Rita | Ziegfeld Theatre,Lyric Theatre,Majestic Theatre[89] |
| 1927–1928 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1927 | New Amsterdam Theatre[90] |
| 1927–1929 | Show Boat | Ziegfeld Theatre[91] |
| 1928 | Rosalie | Ziegfeld Theatre[92] |
| 1928 | The Three Musketeers | Lyric Theatre[93] |
| 1928–1929 | Whoopee! | New Amsterdam Theatre[94] |
| 1929 | Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic | Frolic Theatre[95] |
| 1929 | Show Girl | Ziegfeld Theatre[96] |
| 1929–1930 | Bitter Sweet | Ziegfeld Theatre,Shubert Theatre[97] |
| 1930 | Simple Simon | Ziegfeld Theatre[98] |
| 1930–1931 | Smiles | Ziegfeld Theatre[99] |
| 1931 | Ziegfeld Follies of 1931 | Ziegfeld Theatre[100] |
| 1932 | Hot-Cha! | Ziegfeld Theatre[101] |
| 1932 | Show Boat | Casino Theatre[102] |
Ziegfeld appears in a sound prologue to the 1929 film,Show Boat—apart-talkie based onEdna Ferber's1926 novel, not the popular stage adaptation that was still playing on Broadway when the film was released.Universal Pictures originally madeShow Boat as a silent, and obtained the rights to the popular Broadway score after the film was shot. The 18-minute prologue is introduced by Ziegfeld and producerCarl Laemmle, and features excerpts from the stage production performed by cast membersJules Bledsoe,Tess Gardella,Helen Morgan and the Broadway chorus.[103][104]: 61 Two subsequent adaptations ofShow Boat, in1936 and1951, were based on the stage musical.[105][106]
Technicolor screen versions of three of Ziegfeld's stage musicals were produced in the early sound film era.RKO Pictures had its first hit with its lavish presentation ofRio Rita (1929), starringBebe Daniels andJohn Boles.[107]: 22 [108]
Marilyn Miller reprised one of her greatest stage successes inSally (1929).[109]Eddie Cantor reprised his popular Broadway role inWhoopee! (1930), which Ziegfeld himself produced withSamuel Goldwyn.[110]
In 1936Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a semi-biographical film extravaganza,The Great Ziegfeld, starringWilliam Powell. He was personally chosen for the role by Billie Burke, who felt that while Powell did not physically resemble her late husband, he possessed the right manner. "What I tried to do primarily was to get across the essential spirit of the man", Powell later said, "his love for show business, his exquisite taste, his admiration for the beauty of women. He was financially impractical but aesthetically impeccable—a genius in his chosen field."[111]: 184 Nominated for sevenAcademy Awards,The Great Ziegfeld received Oscars forBest Picture,Best Actress (Luise Rainer as Anna Held), andBest Dance Direction (Seymour Felix), for the astonishingly opulent production number, "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody"—one of the most famous musical sequences ever filmed.[112][113] It was MGM's most expensive production sinceBen-Hur (1925), and it made back twice its cost.[114]: 120–121
Released by MGM ten years later,Ziegfeld Follies (1946) was an all-star revue that includes Powell in a cameo role as Ziegfeld.[111]: 228–229 [114]: 201 A 1978NBC-television film,Ziegfeld: The Man and His Women, starsPaul Shenar as Ziegfeld. Directed byBuzz Kulik, the three-hourbiopic[115][116] was nominated for sevenEmmy Awards and received the award for Outstanding Cinematography (Gerald Finnerman).[117]
Ziegfeld appears as a character in a number of films:
In the Broadway musicalCrazy For You (1992), the character Bela Zangler is a fictionalised version of Ziegfeld, having his own "Zangler's Follies" and his character being driven by a love for the young folly Tess despite being married, much like Ziegfeld's own affair withLillian Lorraine. InThe Drowsy Chaperone, a similar fictionalised parody of Ziegfeld is Victor Feldzieg, producer ofFeldzieg's Follies.
The Academy Film Archive houses the Florenz Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Collection. The collection consists primarily of home movies.[125]
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