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Zibo 淄博市 Tsibo | |
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 Clockwise form top: Zibo new area CBD, Zhoucun ancient commercial city, Zhangdian district downtown, Zibo sports center stadium | |
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 Location of Zibo in Shandong | |
  Zibo Zibo (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Zibo municipal government):36°48′50″N118°03′18″E / 36.8138°N 118.0550°E /36.8138; 118.0550 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shandong |
| County-level divisions | 8 |
| Township divisions | 106 |
| Municipal seat | Zhangdian District |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Yu Haitian (于海田) |
| Area | |
| 5,965 km2 (2,303 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,989 km2 (1,154 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 4,748 km2 (1,833 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,108.3 m (3,636.2 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 7 m (23 ft) |
| Population (2020 census) | |
| 4,704,138 | |
| • Density | 790/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 3,493,664 |
| • Urban density | 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 4,412,016 |
| • Metro density | 930/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| GDP[1] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 507 billion US$ 76.6 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 107,720 US$ 16,278 |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard) |
| Postal Code | 255100 |
| Area code | 0533 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-SD-03 |
| License Plate Prefix | 鲁C |
| Website | www |
| Zibo | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Zibo" inregular Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 淄博 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zibo (Chinese:淄博;pinyin:Zībó) is aprefecture-level city in centralShandongprovince, China. It borders the provincial capitalJinan to the west,Tai'an to the southwest,Linyi to the south,Weifang to the east,Dongying to the northeast, andBinzhou to the north.
Zibo spans 5,938 square kilometres (2,293 sq mi). As of the 2020 cenus, Zibo's population was 4,704,138,[2][3] of which 4.41 million lived in the metro area comprising five urban districts—Zhangdian,Zichuan,Boshan,Zhoucun andLinzi–and parts of neighboring countiesHuantai,Gaoqing, andYiyuan.
The Zibo area was the centre of the ancientState of Qi, whose capitalLinzi was the most populous city in China at its peak.Pu Songling, a well-known writer of theQing dynasty, is one of the most famous people from Zibo. As the birthplace of Qi culture, Zibo is a notable tourist city.
Manufacturing holds an important place of the city's economy, particularly ceramics manufacturing. Other key industries include thepetrochemical industry, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, construction materials, machinery and textiles. New industries and high-technology industries, such new materials, fine chemicals, electronics, IT, and biopharmaceutics are also developing rapidly.
According to the 2007-08 Global City Competitiveness Report released by theChinese Academy of Social Sciences, Zibo was among the top 20 cities in the world in terms of fast economic growth between 2001 and 2005.[4] According to theOriental Outlook Magazine, Zibo ranks No. 1 on the list of cities that have reasonable real estate prices in China, also ranking No. 2 on the list of cities with good public security in China in 2008.[5] In 2009, the city received the award of "Best 10 Harmonious Cities that enjoy Sustainable Development in China".[6]
The remains of three majorNeolithic cultures in ancient China,Beixin culture,Dawenkou culture, andLongshan culture have been found in Zibo.Ancient Linzi, located in present-day Zibo, was the capital of the ancientState of Qi, a powerful state during theSpring and Autumn and theWarring States periods, over 2,000 years ago. In 7th century BC,Duke Huan of Qi, ruler of Qi, appointedGuan Zhong, thinker and economist, as his prime minister, and adopted Guan's thoughts and policies to administer his country, develop the economy and develop relations with other states. The measures greatly strengthened the country, making its capital one of the most prosperous in ancient China. Zibo is rich in cultural and historical sites, and is referred to as the "Underground Museum". In Linzi, the ruins of the ancient Qi city, as well as other famous cultural relics and historic sites, have been discovered and unearthed. The ancient city of Qi was one of the first places in China that was assigned to be a "cultural relics site" and protected.
Zibo made significant contributions to the formation and prosperity of theSilk Road. Zibo was one of the biggest suppliers of silk products. Zhoucun, one of the townships in Zibo, was considered one of the four 'dry ports' alongsideFoshan,Jingdezhen, andZhuxian.[citation needed] The major trade streets such as 'Dajie', 'Sishijie', 'Yinzijie' are well preserved to this date.
In 2004,FIFA presidentSepp Blatter visited Zibo to celebrateFIFA's 100th anniversary.FIFA has since then recognized the city as the birthplace offootball.[7]
Zibo City was established in 1954. The name came from a combination of the prefecture's two major urban areas, Zichuan and Boshan.[8]
Theprefecture-level city of Zibo administers eightcounty-level divisions, including fivedistricts and threecounties.
| Map | Subdivision | Chinese | Pinyin | Population (2020)[2] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zichuan District | 淄川区 | Zīchuān Qū | 646,685 | |
| Zhangdian District | 张店区 | Zhāngdiàn Qū | 1,272,967 | |
| Boshan District | 博山区 | Bóshān Qū | 410,643 | |
| Linzi District | 临淄区 | Línzī Qū | 649,160 | |
| Zhoucun District | 周村区 | Zhōucūn Qū | 407,016 | |
| Huantai County | 桓台县 | Huántái Xiàn | 489,479 | |
| Gaoqing County | 高青县 | Gāoqīng Xiàn | 313,130 | |
| Yiyuan County | 沂源县 | Yíyuán Xiàn | 515,058 |
Zibo is located near the center of Shandong Province, neighboringMt. Tai in the south and backing theYellow River in the north. Toward the east are the coastal cities ofQingdao,Yantai, andWeihai. The capital of Shandong,Jinan is to its west.Zibo is located in the transition zone between the mountainous area in central Shandong and the North China Plain. Its southern area is covered with mid-sized mountains, while the center is hilly. The city's northern territory descends intoplains. The ratio among mountains, hills and plains are 42%, 29.9% and 28.1%, respectively.[9]With the Yihe River originating itself in the southern mountain area, and Yellow River flowing across the northern area, the city has comparatively abundant water resources. The workable reserve ofground water is 1.24 tons/day.
Zibo is located in a warm, temperate zone, and bears a semi-humid and semi-dry continental climate.[10]Like other cities in the province, Zibo has four distinct seasons. January and July are, respectively, the coldest and hottest months during the year. Zibo enjoys a growing season of 180 to 220 days and the average annual hours of sunshine are 2542.6 to 2832.6. The annual average precipitation of Zibo is 25.2 inches (640.5 mm).[11]
| Climate data for Zibo, elevation 34 m (112 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) | 26.3 (79.3) | 30.2 (86.4) | 35.0 (95.0) | 38.1 (100.6) | 41.6 (106.9) | 40.4 (104.7) | 37.7 (99.9) | 39.6 (103.3) | 35.2 (95.4) | 27.4 (81.3) | 19.5 (67.1) | 41.6 (106.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.8 (46.0) | 15.2 (59.4) | 21.2 (70.2) | 27.5 (81.5) | 31.8 (89.2) | 32.6 (90.7) | 31.0 (87.8) | 27.4 (81.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 12.8 (55.0) | 5.8 (42.4) | 19.9 (67.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) | 1.6 (34.9) | 8.5 (47.3) | 14.7 (58.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 25.7 (78.3) | 27.4 (81.3) | 25.9 (78.6) | 21.3 (70.3) | 14.7 (58.5) | 6.9 (44.4) | 0.0 (32.0) | 13.8 (56.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) | −3.2 (26.2) | 2.5 (36.5) | 8.4 (47.1) | 14.7 (58.5) | 19.8 (67.6) | 22.8 (73.0) | 21.8 (71.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 9.3 (48.7) | 2.1 (35.8) | −4.4 (24.1) | 8.6 (47.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.0 (−0.4) | −14.7 (5.5) | −9.6 (14.7) | −2.1 (28.2) | 2.2 (36.0) | 10.4 (50.7) | 15.6 (60.1) | 11.1 (52.0) | 6.5 (43.7) | −0.9 (30.4) | −11.7 (10.9) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −18.9 (−2.0) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 5.8 (0.23) | 12.8 (0.50) | 12.7 (0.50) | 28.1 (1.11) | 60.3 (2.37) | 75.3 (2.96) | 140.5 (5.53) | 163.6 (6.44) | 53.7 (2.11) | 28.1 (1.11) | 26.3 (1.04) | 8.9 (0.35) | 616.1 (24.25) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.5 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 74.6 |
| Average snowy days | 3.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 10.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 58 | 54 | 49 | 52 | 56 | 58 | 72 | 76 | 68 | 64 | 63 | 61 | 61 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 152.5 | 156.9 | 208.9 | 231.7 | 262.1 | 226.4 | 190.4 | 189.8 | 186.4 | 185.5 | 157.5 | 151.0 | 2,299.1 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 49 | 51 | 56 | 59 | 60 | 52 | 43 | 46 | 51 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 52 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[12][13] | |||||||||||||
According tothe seventh census, as of 00:00 on November 1, 2020, the resident population of Zibo was 4,704,138 people,[14] of which 2,102,819 were male and 2,078,441 were female. The sex male to female ratio was 101.17, death rate was 5.92%, and birth rate was 8.81%. The natural growth rate of the population that year was 2.90%. The area had a population density of 704.15 per square kilometer.[15]
The fourth nationwidecensus showed that over 99 percent of the total population areHan Chinese. In addition, there are 44 minority nationalities, includingHui,Manchus,Mongols andKoreans. Mongols and Manchus are the only two minority groups that have more than 1,000 people. The town of Jinling Hui, which is located at the junction of Zhangdian and Linzi, in one of only four towns named by an ethnic minority in Shandong Province.[citation needed]
In 2008, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 17,629 yuan, up by 11.2% from the year before; the per capita disposable income of rural residents was 7,364 yuan, up by 13.9%. The Engel's coefficients, which reflect the consumption structure and level of China's urban and rural residents, were 32.1% and 35.6%, respectively.[16]
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The Zibo dialect has classical features of Northern Chinese but also has specific characteristics of its own. In Zibo dialect, points of articulation of low vowel is particularly deep in the mouth, and most areas do not have a retroflex consonant except in parts of Linzi District.[citation needed] The Zibo dialect does not have many features that distinguish it frommandarin when it comes to sentence composition, while subtle differences may be found when people ask questions and their expressions to probability of actions.The Zibo dialect may be divided into three major sections according to the administrative districts: Huantai-Zhangdian-Zhoucun, being areas on the transport corridor between Jinan and Weifeng, have a mild mandarin accent closely resembling somewhere between Beijing, Jinan, Qingdao and Zichuan accents. Boshan has its own accent which is derived from the traditional center of the Zibo prefecture. Lastly, the Zichuan district has its own distinct accent with many colloquialisms.
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Traditional Zibo cuisine is part ofShandong cuisine although Zibo cuisine is, in fact, not a real branch of the Lu Cuisine (Shandong cuisine), whilst Boshan Cuisine is. Boshan cuisine restaurants can only be found in Zibo, and nearby places. Featured local snacks, include Zhou Cun Pancake, Shi Ha Ma Dumpling, Vegetable Pancake, Sauced Mutton, pork feet stew with kelp lotus root and Chinese cabbage, pork intestine hotpot with fried beancurd, and Bean-curd Case (fried bean-curd stuffed with vegetables and meat).[citation needed]
In early 2023 Zibo's outdoor BBQ restaurants went viral on social media, attracting millions of visitors.[17]
The "Five-Voiced Drama" is a unique kind of local drama that originated in central Shandong and was once popular among the folks here. This form of art got its name because the show is often performed by 4-5 people, and the performance is featured by gorgeous singing tunes and vivid lyrics. The straight performance and the local style also help it to be distinguished from other Chinese dramas. The plays that are acknowledged to many people include Wang Xiao Gan Jiao (Salesboy), Wang Erjie Si Fu (Lonely lady) and so on.Zibo Five-voiced Drama Troupe is the only theatrical troupe all around the country that professionally perform this drama. By far, Five-Voiced Drama has been listed as a "National Intangible Cultural Heritage".
Boshan coloredglaze is the wonderful work in Shandong Province. The history of production of colored glaze in Bo Shan is very long and better known. In the years of Hong Wu of Ming dynasty, the emperor's servants set up "Out Factory" to produce colored glaze for imperial family's use such as "blue and green curtain". By the end ofMing dynasty, the folk colored glaze was produced and developed day by day, too. In the year of Jingtai there were four big stoves in Xi Yejie Street to produceenamel material. Before and after the period of Jiajing, the colored glaze products such as pearl light, pearl rejecting, bed-curtain and mosquito net hook and so on were made by the master of Bo Shan and gradually form the colored glaze trade. In 1617 (the 46th year of Wan Li), some people led by Sun Yanshou initiated to organize the guild of colored glaze which is the first organization in Yanshan Town. The colored glaze products returned the transportation and sale to Beijing and the southern parts of China besides selling in locality.[18]
Zibo enjoys abundant historical and cultural sites of interest. TheLinzi Museum of Ancient Chariots, theMuseum of the History of the State of Qi, theZibo City Museum, theZibo Museum of Ceramics, the Zhoucun Ancient Commercial Town, and the Thousand Buddha Temple in Zhoucun are the most recommendable places for tourists who want to learn about Zibo's long history and about the Qi Culture. Yuanshan National Forest Park, situated southwest of Baoshan District in Zibo, is a spot worth visiting. It consists of the Great Wall of the Qi State, the grass skiing field, Dinosaur Valley and a folk garden. TheGreat Wall of Qi was built by the Qi State during the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring States Periods over 2,500 years ago.[19]
In 2023, Zibo became a popular tourist destination during theMay Day holiday for its barbecue, which had gained popularity on the internet.[20]
TheSilk Road, prosperous from theHan to theTang dynasty, is famous for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. The Shandong area, particularly Zibo, was a major center of silk supply. At present, Zibo remains an important a producer of silk and light textile products in China. The city's products enjoy a great reputation at home and abroad.
More than 50 types of mineral reserves have been found in the city. Zibo is a main source of coal, iron,bauxite, coal clay, chemical limestone, pottery clay, etc. in Shandong because of their large reserves, high quality, and wide distribution. Northern Zibo is also rich in petroleum and natural gas. The city initially developed as a mining city, and is currently undergoing technological upgradation and industrial transformation.
Since 2002, the city has been steadily taking measures to improve the environment. Small, polluting coal mines and chemical factories were closed, while all major plants were required to installsewage disposal to get control the emission of air and soil pollutants. Currently, Zibo has three municipal sewage treatment plants that comply with China's Grade-A1 Integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB 8978–1996).[21]
In 2008, the total industrial output of Zibo reached 532 billion RMB. In the same year, its GDP was 231.7 billion yuan RMB, ranking just belowQingdao,Yantai,Jinan andWeifang within the province. The percentages of GDP in the agriculture, industry and service sectors were 3.5%, 64.8%, 31.7%, respectively.
In 2017, Zibo's GDP reached 478.13 billion yuan RMB, ranking just belowQingdao,Yantai,Jinan andWeifang within the province. The percentages of GDP in the agriculture, industry and service sectors were 3.1%, 52.1%, 44.8%, respectively.[22]
In 2023, Zibo's successful policy of encouraging street food vendors became a role model for such cities as Beijing,Moscow,Ottawa andShenzhen.[23]
An important traffic hub of Shandong province, Zibo enjoys convenient transportation. TheJiaoji Railway,Zhangbo Railway,Zidong Railway andXintai Railway intersect in Zibo. Jiqing Expressway and Binlai Expressway pass through the city, connecting every county and district. The center of Zibo is only 70 km (43 mi) away from theJinan Yaoqiang International Airport, 210 km (130 mi) away from theQingdao Liuting International Airport and 260 km (160 mi) away from the Qingdao Seaport.
37 railway stations in large and small sizes are in service nowadays. Zibo Railway Station, lying on theJiaozhou–Jinan andZibo–Dongying Railways, is among the busiest railway stations inShandong province. As of 1 July 2009, Zibo Railway Station has 103 trains stopping daily.[24] If you catch amultiple unit train at Zibo Railway Station, it will only take you 1 hour toJinan, 2 hours toQingdao and 4 hours toBeijing.
Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. More than 2,500 large and medium-sized diesel buses,CNG buses are serving over 250 routes.[25] With a "Qikatong" card traveling by bus in the downtown area, passengers could get a discount of 10% to 40%. Now Zibo is undergoing restructuring of its public transit system, aiming at intensive management of higher efficiency and more professional service. Full-electric buses and taxis are now incorporated into daily operations.
Zibo is a national "advanced city invigorating itself through science and technology", "cultural model city" and "technology-intensive area". Within the city's boundaries, 443,000 (data of 2008) students from Grade 1 to Grade 9 are taught in 379 primary schools and 169 middle schools respectively under thecompulsory education system, which belongs to a bigger education system of the nation. School districts are divided according to bothneighborhoods and administrative districts. The number of high schools is 42.[26]
There are 14 institutions ofhigher education. Among them theShandong University of Technology and Wanjie Medical College are able to offer the bachelor's degree, the rest beingvocational universities. There are alsopostgraduate education and PhD programs in Shandong University of Technology. The education system of Zibo offers more than 30 key majors, including mechanics, electronics and informatics, biologicalpharmacological science,textile and clothes andlogistics, and can provide local enterprises with 30,000 specialized technical personnel every year.
Major cities along theYellow River | ||
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| Province-level subdivisions | Cities (from upper reaches to lower reaches) |  |
| Gansu | ||
| Ningxia | ||
| Inner Mongolia | ||
| Shanxi | ||
| Shaanxi | ||
| Henan | ||
| Shandong | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
