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Zhongshan 中山市 Chungshan | |
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 Location of Zhongshan in Guangdong | |
  Zhongshan Zhongshan (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Zhongshan municipal government):22°31′01″N113°23′33″E / 22.5170°N 113.3925°E /22.5170; 113.3925 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Guangdong |
| County-level divisions | None |
| Township-level divisions |
|
| Municipal seat | Dongqu Subdistrict |
| Government | |
| • CCP Committee Secretary | Xue Xiaofeng (薛晓峰) |
| • Mayor | Chen Liangxian (陈良贤) |
| Area | |
| 1,783.67 km2 (688.68 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 1,783.67 km2 (688.68 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 19,870.4 km2 (7,672.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 11 m (36 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 4,418,060 | |
| • Density | 2,500/km2 (6,400/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 4,418,060 |
| • Urban density | 2,500/km2 (6,400/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 65,565,622 |
| • Metro density | 3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 356.6 billion US$ 55.3 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 80,157 US$ 12,425 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 528400 |
| Area code | 0760 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-GD-20 |
| License plate prefixes | 粤T |
| City flower | Chrysanthemum |
| Website | www.ZhongShan.gov.cn (Chinese) |
| Zhongshan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 "Zhongshan City", as written in Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 中山 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Chungshan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning |
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| Former name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 香山 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | 'Fragrant Mountain' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zhongshan (Chinese:中山[ʈʂʊ́ŋ ʂán]),alternatelyromanized via Cantonese asChungshan, is aprefecture-level city in the south of thePearl River Delta inGuangdongprovince, China. As of the 2020 census, the whole city with 4,418,060 inhabitants is now part of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen conurbation with 65,565,622 inhabitants.[1] The city-core subdistricts used to be calledShiqi orShekki (Chinese:石岐).
Zhongshan is one of the few Chinese cities to be named after a person. It was originally namedXiangshan (香山, "Fragrant Mountain";Cantonese:Heung-saan), but was renamed in 1925 in honor ofSun Yat-sen, who is known in China as "Sun Zhongshan". Sun was the founding father of theRepublic of China who is also regarded positively by thePeople's Republic. He was born in Cuiheng village in Nanlang Township of what was thenXiangshan County.
Until 1925, Zhongshan was generally known asXiangshan orHeung-san (Siangshan) (Chinese:香山;lit. 'Fragrant Mountain'), in reference to the many flowers that grew in the mountains nearby.[3] The city was renamed in honor of Sun Yat-sen, who had adopted the name Zhongshan. Sun is considered by both thePeople's Republic of China and theRepublic of China to be the "Father of Modern China", and was fromCuiheng village – now part ofNanlang Town in Zhongshan.
Thousands of years ago, much of the Zhongshan area lay within the Pearl River estuary, with only scattered islands above the surface. Gradually from south to north, the area filled in with alluvial silt and became dry land. The northern parts of today's Zhongshan did not fill in until the time of theMing dynasty.
The Zhongshan area was part of an extendedDongguan County during theTang dynasty (618–907 AD), and was a significantsea salt producer. In 1082, during theNorthern Song dynasty, a fortified settlement called Xiangshan was founded in the area, marking the first official use of the name by which it would be known throughout most of its modern history. The prosperous settlement was then upgraded to a county in 1152. After the collapse of theSouthern Song dynasty, many descendants of Song court officials, including members of the imperial family, settled in Xiangshan. Significant land formation in the area of Zhongshan occurred since theMing dynasty.[4] Under theQing dynasty, embankments were built to prevent flooding in the new alluvial lands, and the area of cultivation was extended.
Much of theFirst Opium War took place in and around Xiangshan. In 1839, the officialLin Zexu arrived in Xiangshan and ordered the expulsion ofSir Charles Elliot and other British traders from the area.Qing dynasty soldiers resisted British attacks on the area in 1840, but were ultimately overwhelmed.
After the Opium Wars opened the region to foreign influence, a number of Xiangshan residents, includingSun Zhongshan (Yatsen), left to study overseas and were among the creators of modern China. Xiangshan was one of the first counties in China liberated as part of theXinhai Revolution. After Sun Zhongshan's death in 1925, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of theRepublic of China decided to memorialize Sun by renaming his county of birth from Xiangshan to Zhongshan.
Nationalist andCommunist units launched guerrilla attacks on Japanese occupancy forces and theirCollaborators beginning in 1942. On August 15, 1945, Japanese forces declared an unconditional surrender, and Zhongshan was liberated.
Zhongshan was the scene of fighting during theChinese Civil War and was held for much of the war by Nationalists. On October 30, 1949, however, thePeople's Liberation Army defeated Nationalist forces in Zhongshan, and the county came under the control of the People's Republic of China.
In 1983, Zhongshan was elevated in administrative status from a county to acounty-level city under the administration ofFoshan. In 1988 Zhongshan became aprefecture-level city.
Zhongshan is located along the west side of the mouth of thePearl River, directly oppositeShenzhen andHong Kong. It lies south ofGuangzhou andFoshan and north ofZhuhai andMacau. The northern part of Zhongshan, including most of the urbanized area, lies on the alluvial plains of thePearl River Delta, while the southern part of the city's territory reaches into a range of coastal hills.[5]
The most notable of these are the Wugui Hills (Chinese:五桂山;pinyin:Wǔguī Shān;Jyutping:Ng5gwai3 Saan1). The city's current geography is typical of southern China: numerous steep mountains and hills with alluvial plains in between down to the coastline. The main summit of the Wugui Hills is the highest point in the city, at 531 metres (1,742 ft)above sea level.
Like nearly all of southern China, Zhongshan's climate is warm and humid most of the year, with an average temperature of 22 °C (72 °F) and 175 centimetres (69 in) ofrainfall each year. Southern China experiences fairly frequenttyphoons andthunderstorms, and most rain falls between April and September.
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| Climate data for Zhongshan, elevation 34 m (112 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1955–2010) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.1 (84.4) | 29.4 (84.9) | 31.6 (88.9) | 33.7 (92.7) | 37.2 (99.0) | 37.4 (99.3) | 39.1 (102.4) | 38 (100) | 36.2 (97.2) | 35.2 (95.4) | 32.7 (90.9) | 30.9 (87.6) | 39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.8 (65.8) | 20.2 (68.4) | 22.8 (73.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 30.1 (86.2) | 31.9 (89.4) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.8 (91.0) | 31.6 (88.9) | 29.0 (84.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 20.6 (69.1) | 26.9 (80.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) | 16.2 (61.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 28.3 (82.9) | 29.0 (84.2) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.7 (81.9) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 16.3 (61.3) | 22.9 (73.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) | 13.5 (56.3) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.4 (68.7) | 23.8 (74.8) | 25.7 (78.3) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.9 (78.6) | 24.9 (76.8) | 22.0 (71.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 13.3 (55.9) | 20.1 (68.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) | 2.8 (37.0) | 3.4 (38.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 15.1 (59.2) | 18.3 (64.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 17.7 (63.9) | 10.6 (51.1) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.9 (35.4) | −1.3 (29.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 45.3 (1.78) | 46.0 (1.81) | 76.3 (3.00) | 167.6 (6.60) | 266.3 (10.48) | 358.6 (14.12) | 264.4 (10.41) | 310.8 (12.24) | 236.9 (9.33) | 72.9 (2.87) | 45.5 (1.79) | 37.4 (1.47) | 1,928 (75.9) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.9 | 9.5 | 12.8 | 13.6 | 15.5 | 19.0 | 16.7 | 17.3 | 13.0 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 142.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 74 | 78 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 80 | 81 | 77 | 72 | 72 | 69 | 77 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 117.9 | 88.4 | 76.5 | 100.2 | 145.3 | 171.0 | 215.1 | 188.6 | 172.6 | 182.3 | 155.8 | 142.9 | 1,756.6 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 35 | 27 | 20 | 26 | 35 | 42 | 52 | 48 | 47 | 51 | 47 | 43 | 39 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[6][7] | |||||||||||||
Zhongshan is a city of numerous leafyparks, wideboulevards, andmonuments. Notable sights include:
Zhongshan, like many cities in China, has a rapidly changing cityscape with many new buildings under construction. Currently, the tallest completed buildings in the city are the two Zhongshan International Finance Center Towers. Tower 1 and Tower 2 both reach a height of 220 meters (720 feet) and are 55 stories tall. These will be eclipsed by the Perfect Eagle Golden Square tower, which will reach 238 meters (781 feet), with an expected completion date in 2018. The International Trade Center inGuzhen Town, expected to be completed in 2019, will reach a height of 305 meters (1,001 feet) with 65 floors.[8]
Zhongshan is aprefecture-level city of theGuangdongprovince. An uncommon administrative feature is that it has nocounty-level division, but the municipal government does group the 24 township-level divisions into five district areas. The city government directly administers 8Subdistricts and 15towns:
| Map | ||||||||
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| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population(2010 census) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | Division code[9] | Residential communities | Administrative villages |
| Zhongxin Area | 中心片区 | Zhōngxīn Piànqū | 877,666 | 456.7 | 1,921.75 | — | 5 subdistricts, 3 towns | |
| Shiqi Subdistrict | 石岐街道 | Shíqí Jiēdào | 206,362 | 26.0 | 7,937.00 | 442000001 | 19 | |
| Dongqu Subdistrict | 东区街道 | Dōngqū Jiēdào | 153,477 | 72.0 | 2,131.62 | 442000002 | 10 | |
| Xiqu Subdistrict | 西区街道 | Xiqū Jiēdào | 97,864 | 26.7 | 3,665.31 | 442000004 | 9 | |
| Nanqu Subdistrict | 南区街道 | Nánqū Jiēdào | 64,548 | 48.0 | 1,344.75 | 442000005 | 10 | |
| Wuguishan Subdistrict | 五桂山街道 | Wǔguìshān Jiēdào | 48,019 | 113.0 | 424.94 | 442000006 | 1 | 4 |
| Shaxi town | 沙溪镇 | Shāxī Zhèn | 119,372 | 55.0 | 2,170.40 | 442000106 | 1 | 15 |
| Gangkou town | 港口镇 | Gǎngkǒu Zhèn | 113,748 | 70.5 | 1,613.44 | 442000108 | 7 | 2 |
| Dachong town | 大涌镇 | Dàyǒng Zhèn | 74,276 | 45.5 | 1,632.43 | 442000116 | 6 | 2 |
| Dongbu Area | 东部片区 | Dōngbù Piànqū | 337,974 | 296.0 | 1,141.80 | — | 2 subdistricts, 1 new area | |
| Zhongshangang Subdistrict | 中山港街道 | Zhōngshāngǎng Jiēdào | 229,997 | 90.0 | 2,555.52 | 442000003 | 7 | |
| Nanlang Subdistrict | 南朗街道 | Nánlǎng Jiēdào | 107,977 | 206.0 | 524.16 | 442000113 | 2 | 13 |
| Cuiheng New Area | 翠亨新区 | Cuíhēng Xīnqū | — | |||||
| Dongbei Area | 东北片区 | Dōngběi Piànqū | 375,204 | 281.3 | 1,333.82 | — | 1 Subdistrict, 2 towns | |
| Minzhong Subdistrict | 民众街道 | Mínzhòng Jiēdào | 108,417 | 125.4 | 864.56 | 442000102 | 3 | 16 |
| Huangpu town | 黄圃镇 | Huángpǔ Zhèn | 145,017 | 83.6 | 1,734.65 | 442000101 | 4 | 12 |
| Sanjiao town | 三角镇 | Sānjiǎo Zhèn | 121,770 | 72.3 | 1,684.23 | 442000109 | 1 | 7 |
| Xibei Area | 西北片区 | Xīběi Piànqū | 996,097 | 397.7 | 2,504.64 | — | 6 towns | |
| Xiaolan town | 小榄镇 | Xiǎolǎn Zhèn | 433,678 | 152.1 | 2,851.26 | 442000100 | 23 | 6 |
| Dongfeng town | 东凤镇 | Dōngfèng Zhèn | 123,562 | 54.8 | 2,254.78 | 442000103 | 4 | 10 |
| Guzhen town | 古镇镇 | Gǔzhèn Zhèn | 147,440 | 47.8 | 3,084.51 | 442000105 | 1 | 12 |
| Henglan town | 横栏镇 | Hénglán Zhèn | 103,135 | 76.0 | 1,357.03 | 442000110 | 1 | 10 |
| Nantou town | 南头镇 | Nántóu Zhèn | 130,712 | 30.0 | 4,357.06 | 442000111 | 6 | |
| Fusha town | 阜沙镇 | Fùshā Zhèn | 57,570 | 37.0 | 1,555.94 | 442000112 | 1 | 8 |
| Nanbu Area | 南部片区 | Nánbù Piànqū | 533,944 | 370.6 | 1,440.75 | — | 4 towns | |
| Tanzhou town | 坦洲镇 | Tǎnzhōu Zhèn | 219,943 | 136.0 | 1,617.22 | 442000107 | 7 | 7 |
| Sanxiang town | 三乡镇 | Sānxiāng Zhèn | 200,197 | 93.6 | 2,138.85 | 442000114 | 3 | 12 |
| Banfu town | 板芙镇 | Bǎnfú Zhèn | 82,412 | 82.0 | 1,005.02 | 442000115 | 1 | 10 |
| Shenwan town | 神湾镇 | Shénwān Zhèn | 31,392 | 59.0 | 532.06 | 442000117 | 1 | 5 |
| Division code[9] | English name | Chinese | Pinyin | Area in km2 | Population 2010[10] | Seat | Postal code | Divisions[11] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | Towns | Residential communities | Administrative villages | ||||||||
| 442000 | Zhongshan City | 中山市 | Zhōngshān Shì | 1,783.67 | 3,121,275 | City-administered District | 528400 | 6 | 18 | 128 | 151 |
| 442000 | City-administered District | 市辖区 | Shìxiáqū | 1,783.67 | 3,121,275 | Dongqu Subdistrict | 528400 | 6 | 18 | 128 | 151 |
Although the main ethnic group in Zhongshan isHan Chinese, there is no one dominant language or dialect spoken making Zhongshan one of the most diverse cities in China. Dialects spoken in the city ranging from the more commonYue,Hakka, andMin dialects to the more localShiqi,Shatian,Longdu,Nanlang,Sanxiang,Guzhen,Sanjiao, andZhangjiabian dialects as well asWuiguishan, the only Hakka dialect in the city. The most common language, however, isCantonese.
Primary productions areagricultural, such asrice,lychee,banana, andsugar cane. Added to this,horticulture inXiaolan Town is famous throughout southern China for its bloomingchrysanthemum and chickens.
Zhongshan,Dongguan,Nanhai, andShunde are dubbed the 'Four Little Tigers' in Guangdong. The proximity of Zhongshan toHong Kong andMacau is an advantage to its economic development, especially in manufacturing.
In the 1980s, Zhongshan had a relatively developedstate-owned enterprise (SOE) sector that was used to stimulateTownship and Village Enterprises (TVE) development in the countryside. Currently, the SOE sector is much weaker, and the economy is dominated by foreign investment and TVEs, and by specialized 'manufacturing towns'. Each of these towns specializes in making a particular product. Most of the towns have earned a reputation as leading manufacturers in their pillar industries.
These specialized manufacturing towns include:
The government of Zhongshan encourages "Research and Design" in the region by setting up national level research centres and specialized industrial regions. For example, the Zhongshan National Torch High-Tech Industrial Development Zone (中山国家级火炬高技术产业开发区) was established in 1990 in the east of the city by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the governments of Guangdong province and Zhongshan. Zhongshan Port, which ranks among the top 10 ports nationwide in container-handling capacity, is in the zone.[12] Since 2001, it has included the Zhongshan Electronic Base of China (中国电子中山基地) for its reputation in the electronicacoustics industry. Following possible development inNansha, the city considers its eastern part, of which 400 square kilometres (154 square miles) of land is available, a focus of future development.
Currently, the city is trying to re-organize its fragmented industrialization. Meanwhile, the light andlabour-intensive industry characteristic of the local economy faces the problem of a shortage of land in Zhongshan.
TheWorld Lamp King Museum, a lamp museum in the form of a giant lamp scheduled to open in 2015,[13] will be a major tourist attraction.[citation needed]
Zhongshan is home to a number of forest parks which are designed to protect the natural features of the land and offer visitors a chance to get closer to nature. Zhongshan Tianxin Forest Park (中山田心森林公园) was opened in 2015 as part of the city's "green lung" initiative.[14]
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Zhongshan Public Transport Group Co., Ltd. operates many bus routes throughout the city. Stop announcements are voiced in Mandarin and Cantonese on all buses. OnBRT system buses, announcements are also voiced in English. By purchasing a Zhongshan Tong card from authorized retailers, riders can receive a discount of 50% on all bus rides. Elderly citizens are allowed to ride for free.
Chu Kong Passenger Transport (CKS) connects Zhongshan withHong Kong with multiple daily scheduled high-speedferry services to bothHong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal onHong Kong Island andHong Kong China Ferry Terminal inKowloon. The trip by ferry takes about 1.5 hours.
Guangzhou–Zhuhai Intercity Railway serves the city of Zhongshan with seven stations.
The Zhongshan Metro system is currently under planning with 2 lines.
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There is a bus service from Zhongshan toShenzhen Bao'an International Airport inShenzhen.[18]
Additionally Zhongshan is served byHong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from theZhongshan Ferry Terminal to the HKIASkypier.[19] There are also coach bus services connecting Zhongshan with HKIA.[20]
Zhongshan has seven sister cities:
Burnaby,British Columbia, Canada (2011)[21][22]
Puntarenas, Costa Rica[21]
Culiacán, Mexico[21]
Cairns, Australia[21]
Alameda County, California, United States[21]Honolulu, Hawaii, United States (1997)[21][23]
Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan (1998)[21]
Places adjacent to Zhongshan | |
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| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
