Zhang Zhizhong | |
|---|---|
| 張治中 | |
 General Zhang Zhizhong in 1933 | |
| Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress | |
| In office 3 January 1965 – 6 April 1969 | |
| Chairman | Zhu De |
| Vice Chairman of the National Defense Council of thePeople's Republic of China | |
| In office 27 September 1954 – 6 April 1969 | |
| Governor of Xinjiang | |
| In office 1 April 1946 – 21 May 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Wu Zhongxin |
| Succeeded by | Masud Sabri |
| Governor of Hunan | |
| In office 20 November 1937 – 21 January 1939 | |
| Preceded by | He Jian |
| Succeeded by | Xue Yue |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 27 October 1890 |
| Died | 6 April 1969(1969-04-06) (aged 78) Beijing,People's Republic of China |
| Alma mater | Baoding Military Academy |
| Awards | Order of Blue Sky and White Sun |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Republic of China People's Republic of China |
| Years of service | 1928–1969 |
| Rank | General 2nd Class |
| Commands | Beijing Shanghai Garrison Corps 5th Army 9th Army Group |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Shanghai (1932),(1937) Battle of Changsha (1939),Ili Rebellion |
| Zhang Zhizhong | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 張治中 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 张治中 | ||||||
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Zhang Zhizhong (alsoChang Chih-chung; 27 October 1890 – 10 April 1969) was a Chinese political and military leader who served as a general in theNational Revolutionary Army of theRepublic of China and later a pro-Communist politician in thePeople's Republic of China.
Originally a supporter and close associate ofChiang Kai-shek, Zhang belonged to the left wing of theKuomintang, advocating policies such as collaboration with the Communists againstJapan and nationalization of foreign-owned businesses. In 1949 he defected from the Nationalists, becoming a follower ofMao Zedong, and went on to hold high office in the new Communist government, serving as Vice Chairman of the National Defense Council (1954–1969) and Vice Chairman of theNational People's Congress (1965–1969).[1]
He was born inChaohu, Anhui, and attended theBaoding Military Academy from which he graduated in 1916 as aninfantry officer.[1] He also briefly attendedShanghai University, studyingSocial Sciences, but did not take a degree. He then served in the local warlord armies ofYunnan andGuangxi before heeding the call of Nationalist leaderSun Yat-sen and moving toGuangzhou to become an instructor at theWhampoa Military Academy. He participated in theNorthern Expedition, and after the Nationalists established the new republican government inNanjing, became theCommandant of theCentral Military Academy in 1929, a post he held for 8 years, until 1937. This was a highly important and sensitive assignment, as Zhang was given the task of moulding the beliefs and ideology of the young officer candidates.
He joined in GeneralissimoChiang Kai-shek's successful campaign againstYan Xishan andFeng Yuxiang, and led the 5th Army in the 1932battle at Shanghai against Japan, and participated in setting up air-defense at the capital of Nanjing, includingJurong airbase. Later, as the head of the 9th Army Group (第九集團軍), Zhang personally supervised thedefense of Shanghai against Japan in 1937. During these years, Zhang was generally regarded as one of Chiang's trusted confidants.
Later in theSecond Sino-Japanese War, Zhang was appointed Governor ofHunan from 1937 to 1940 and was responsible for theGreat Fire of Changsha, a fire that got out of control when he ordered key buildings razed in anticipation of a coming Japanese attack (which failed to materialize at the expected time). He was relieved of his duty after this event and several individuals responsible for the faulty intelligence were executed.
In 1940, he became the Director of the Political Department of theMilitary Affairs Commission, another highly sensitive position, indicating Chiang's continued trust in him.[1] He was Governor ofXinjiang in 1946 and 1947.[2] After his retirement he remained in Xinjiang. The whole time he had to deal with theIli Rebellion.
In 1949, Zhang was made the chief negotiator of the Nationalists for peace talks with the Communists in Beijing. After the failure of the negotiations, he remained in Beijing and announced his withdrawal from the Kuomintang. After that, he was instrumental in persuading his close friend GeneralTao Zhiyue (then the Nationalist Governor ofXinjiang) to also defect to the Communists, an action which greatly helped in the mostly peacefulincorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China.
Mao Zedong greatly appreciated Zhang's services and appointed him to high positions in the new People's Republic. Zhang Zhizhong served as Vice Chairman of the Northwest China Military and Political Committee (1949–1954), Vice Chairman of the National Defense Council (1954–1969) and Vice Chairman of theNational People's Congress (1965–1969).[1]
During theCultural Revolution, he managed to escape persecution due to the protection ofZhou Enlai. He died on 6 April 1969, aged 78.[1]
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