Zhang Yu | |
|---|---|
| 張裕 | |
| Major of the Rear Section (後部司馬) | |
| In office 214 (214) – 219 (219) | |
| Governor | Liu Bei |
| Assistant Officer (從事) | |
| In office ? – 214 (214) | |
| Governor | Liu Zhang |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown date Shu Commandery,Han Empire (present-daySichuan) |
| Died | c. 219 |
| Occupation | Official, diviner, physiognomist |
| Courtesy name | Nanhe (南和) |
Zhang Yu (diedc. 219),courtesy nameNanhe,[1] was an official,diviner andphysiognomist who served under the warlordsLiu Zhang andLiu Bei in the lateEastern Han dynasty of China.[2]
Zhang Yu was from Shu Commandery (蜀郡), which is based in present-dayChengdu,Sichuan, but he might not necessarily be from Chengdu since there were other counties in Shu Commandery. He started his career as an Assistant Officer (從事) underLiu Zhang, the Governor ofYi Province (covering present-day Sichuan andChongqing).[3]
In late 211,[4] Liu Zhang invited the warlordLiu Bei, who was based in southernJing Province (covering present-dayHubei andHunan), to lead his troops into Yi Province to help him counter the threat of another warlordZhang Lu inHanzhong Commandery. Zhang Yu accompanied Liu Zhang when he met Liu Bei for a reception banquet in Fu County (涪縣; present-dayMianyang, Sichuan). During the banquet, Liu Bei saw that Zhang Yu had a thick beard, so he came up with a joke to make fun of Zhang Yu: "When I was in Zhuo County (涿縣), there were many people with the family nameMao. They were everywhere, be it north, south, east or west. The Prefect even remarked, 'Zhuo County is surrounded byMaos!'"[a][3] Zhang Yu also cracked a joke to get back at Liu Bei: "Once upon a time, there was a certain Prefect of Lu County (潞縣) who was later reassigned to Zhuo County. After he retired, someone wanted to write him a letter but didn't know how to address him in a way that reflected the two appointments he held, so he thought of the term 'Gentleman of Lu-Zhuo' (潞涿君).[b] Zhang Yu's joke was meant to mock Liu Bei, who had no beard.[5]
In 214,[6] after Liu Beiseized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang, he appointed Zhang Yu as a Major of the Rear Section (後部司馬) in his new administration.[7] Around 217, when Liu Bei planned to launcha campaign to seize the strategicHanzhong Commandery from his rivalCao Cao, he consultedZhou Qun and asked him to predict the outcome. Zhou Qun told him that he would gain the territories in Hanzhong Commandery but not its people, and advised him to not send a detachment of his main army to attack the enemy.[8] At the time, Zhang Yu, who was known for being better than Zhou Qun in divining the future, advised Liu Bei against launching the Hanzhong Campaign.[7] Liu Bei ignored their advice and went ahead anyway. As Zhou Qun predicted, Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao and captured the territories in Hanzhong Commandery but not its people because they had already migrated elsewhere. During the campaign, Liu Bei also ordered Wu Lan (吳蘭) and Lei Tong (雷銅) to lead a detachment of troops from his main army to attack Wudu Commandery (武都郡; around present-dayLongnan,Gansu), but, as Zhou Qun warned him, this detachment ended up being completely destroyed by Cao Cao's forces. After the successful conquest of Hanzhong, Liu Bei nominated Zhou Qun as amaocai (茂才; a cultivated talent recommended for a government post),[9] probably to commend him for his earlier advice, but did not do the same for Zhang Yu.
Zhang Yu once privately made a prediction: "In thegengzi year, the ruling dynasty will change and theLiu clan's reign will come to an end. Our lord (Liu Bei) may have conquered Yi Province, but nine years later he will lose it between theyin andmao years." Someone secretly informed Liu Bei about his prediction.[10]
Liu Bei had been holding a grudge against Zhang Yu since the incident in Fu County, so he became angrier when he heard that Zhang Yu was predicting his downfall, and decided to take revenge against Zhang Yu. He accused Zhang Yu of making an inaccurate prediction about theHanzhong Campaign, imprisoned him, and wanted to execute him. WhenZhuge Liang pleaded with Liu Bei to spare Zhang Yu, Liu Bei said, "When something blocks your doorway, even if it were pretty flowers, you'll have to get rid of it."[11] As Zhang Yu was well-versed inphysiognomy, every time he saw his reflection in the mirror he hurled it onto the floor, because he knew he would die by execution.[12] Zhang Yu was subsequently executed by beheading and his body was dumped into the street.[11]
Zhang Yu's prediction about the end of the Liu clan's reign came true in the year 220 (agengzi year in thesexagenary cycle) when theCao Wei state replaced the Liu clan'sEastern Han dynasty. Liu Bei also died on 10 June 223,[13] about nine years after he seized Yi Province from Liu Zhang in June 214;[6] his year of death (223) was also a(gui)mao year in the sexagenary cycle and the year before (222) was a(ren)yin year.[14]
Zhang Yu once foretoldDeng Zhi's future by telling him that he would rise to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍) and gain a marquis title after he turned 70.[15]