Zhaagobe (c.1794), also known asJack-O-Pa orShagobai, was aSt. Croix Ojibwe chief of theSnake River band. He signed severalChippewa treaties with the United States, including the1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien, the1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac, the1837 Treaty of St. Peters, and the1842 Treaty of La Pointe. In 1836, geographerJoseph Nicollet had anOjibwe guide he calledChagobay (or "Little Six"), but historians are uncertain as to whether they were the same person.
Chief Zhaagobe's portrait, painted byCharles Bird King, appears inHistory of the Indian Tribes of North America under the name "Jack-O-Pa – The Six".[1]
An Ojibwe man called Chagobay served as a guide to French geographerJoseph Nicollet during his expedition to theupper Mississippi River in 1836. However, historian Martha Coleman Bray states that there is no clear evidence that the Snake River chief and Nicollet's guide are the same person.[2]
Zhaagobe was theOjibwe translation of the name "Six." In his journal, explorerJoseph Nicollet refers to his guide as "Chagobay," "Shago-bai," or "Little Six."[2]
In 1836, Chagobay accompanied Nicollet as far asLeech Lake, together with his ten-year-old son. They leftSaint Anthony Falls on July 29, 1836, together with Nicollet's half-French guide Brunia. On the first day, they encountered a large flotilla ofSioux canoes returning from a raid against theChippewa. Nicollet identified the Sioux war party as having come fromLake Calhoun (now known asBde Maka Ska) and from the village ofShakopee, near present-dayShakopee, Minnesota.[2]
Chagobay provided Nicollet with details on the upper Mississippi and its tributaries, such asRice Creek nearFridley, Minnesota; Coon Creek; Elm Creek (nearRum River); and Wolf Creek and Rocky Creek. During the journey, Chagobay also taught Brunia about how to recognize constellations of stars in the night sky.[2]
In addition, Chagobay revealed the secrets of themedicine ceremony to Nicollet, at some risk to himself. On September 29, 1836, Nicollet noted that a ceremony had been held to absolve Chagobay of his guilt for revealing these secrets. The ceremony was conducted byFlat Mouth.[2]
Joseph Nicollet developed a close friendship with Chagobay. The following letter dated May 19, 1837 was dictated by Chagobay to missionary William Thurston Boutwell:[2]
Friend Nicolette:
Little Six wishes me to write a line for him. "My friend I think of you so much. I shake hands with you. I send these bear claws which I take from my heart that you may remember me. When I was young I loved what I send you. When I was young I dreamed, if I kept this little animal's skin I should live long, and now I send it to you that you may remember me. We will be friends while we live and meet in that good place and be friends after we die. I wish you to send me another shell by Brunette such as you gave me last fall. Write me by Brunette that I may hear from you yourself. I am afraid I shall not be able to pay my credit if I don't hunt this spring or else I would come and see you before you leave.
The last time I saw you I was poor. I am still poor now. I have not tobacco to fill my pipe.
I shall still look for what you promised me in a small box."
— Shâgobe, his mark X[2]
Nicollet sent Chagobay some tobacco and a letter in reply, which was written in English. The handwriting has been identified as most likely belonging toHenry Hastings Sibley, whom Nicollet was staying with inSaint Peters (Mendota).[2]
Several treaties with the United States were signed by a Chippewa chief named Zhaagobe or "Six."
The1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien was signed by chiefs and headmen from tribes including theDakota Sioux, theOjibwe, theSauk andMeskwaki (Fox), theMenomonee, theIowa, theHo-Chunk (Winnebago), and theOdawa.[3]
The Dakota chiefShakopee made his mark on the treaty in the section under "Sioux," where he is listed as "Sha-co-pe (the Sixth)." Under the section for "Chippewa," there is a separate listing for a signatory named simply as "The-sees"[4] which suggests the French pronunciation for "Six."
The1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac attempted to bring all Ojibwe bands into agreement with the United States, as some had not been present at the signing of the 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien. The previous treaty had established boundary lines between tribes and promised intertribal peace.
The 1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac affirmed that all Ojibwe bands would adhere to the terms of the1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien. In addition, the Fond du Lac treaty granted the United States the right to search for minerals and mine in Ojibwe lands nearLake Superior.[5] One of the Ojibwe signatories from theRiver St. Croix was recorded as "Chaucopee."[6]
In the1837 Treaty of St. Peters, also known as the White Pine Treaty, the Ojibwe traded most of their lands in present-dayWisconsin to the United States for a twenty-year annuity plus other compensation.[7] Evidence suggests that the Ojibwe negotiators believed that they were merely leasing use of the pine forests to the U.S. to cut timber.[8] One of the treaty signatories from the Snake River band was listed as "Sha-go-bai" or "the Little Six."[9]
The1842 Treaty of La Pointe was negotiated between the United States and the Ojibwe of Wisconsin onMadeline Island. The treaty ceded the last of the Ojibwe lands in northern Wisconsin and part of the Upper Peninsula to the United States, in return for cash, goods and other compensation every year for 25 years.[7] One of the signatories was "Sha go bi," first chief of theSnake River Ojibwe.[10]
Superintendent of Indian AffairsThomas L. McKenney described Chippewa chief "Jack-O-Pa" as "an exceedingly active, sprightly fellow quick in his movements, ardent, and fond of his family."[1]
In theHistory of the Indian Tribes of North America, the authors note that at the signing of the1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac, McKenney had offered to take Jack-O-Pa's fourteen-year-old son back to Washington to educate him, but that the chief had declined:[1]
Jack-O-Pa looked awhile and shaking his head, run his finger from his forehead downwards indicating that to part from his boy, would be like cutting him in two.[1]