Zaporizhzhia Oblast (Ukrainian:Запорізька область,romanized: Zaporizka oblast), commonly referred to asZaporizhzhia (Запоріжжя), is anoblast (region) in south-eastUkraine. Itsadministrative centre is the city ofZaporizhzhia. The oblast covers an area of 27,183 square kilometres (10,495 sq mi), and has a population of1,638,462 (2022 estimate).[4] The oblast is an important part of Ukraine's industry and agriculture.
Most of the oblast's area, including all of the coast, has been underRussian military occupation since the 2022Russian invasion of Ukraine, although the capital and the majority of the population have remained under Ukrainian administration. In September 2022, Russia declared it hadannexed the Zaporizhzhia oblast based on the results of adisputed referendum. The referendum and subsequent annexation are not internationally recognized.
To the south, Zaporizhzhia Oblast covers roughly 150 kilometres (93 mi) of coastline of theSea of Azov, as part of a coastal region known asPryazovia.
Geography
The area of the oblast is 27,183 km2; its population (estimated as of 1 January 2013) was 1,785,243.
Zaporizhzhia Oblast is located within the regions ofZaporizhzhia (northern part) andPryazovia (southern part).
Zaporizhzhia Oblast is characterized by a flat landscape.Soils are mostlychernozem. Knowledge of the relief of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast today is especially important because of the problem of land reclamation and its more intensive use.
The territory of Zaporizhzhia Oblast as a whole has a flat topography, but there are markedly elevated and depressed areas, which differ in shape, origin, and age.
The highest central-eastern part of the oblast is theAzov Upland. It extends to the east and to the territory ofDonetsk Oblast, where it meets the Donetsk ridge. In the south, between the Azov Upland and theSea of Azov, is the western part of the Azov coastal plain, which flows into theBlack Sea west of theMolochna River. The northeastern end of the coastal plain merges with the Zaporizhzhia inner plain, which borders the southeastern outskirts of the Dnieper Upland. Thus, the territory of Zaporizhzhia Oblast consists of two distinctgeomorphological parts: the outskirts of the Azov and Dnipro uplands, which structurally correspond to the southeastern part of the Ukrainian crystalline massif and the outskirts of the coastalPryazov and Black Sea plains, which are located within the Black Sea basin.
History
In antiquity, an area which roughly corresponds to the modern Zaporizhzhia Oblast was called the land ofGerrhos, according toHerodotus. This area was the burial place of the kings of the "RoyalScythians".
On 23–27 September 2022, theRussian Federationheld a referendum in the occupied territories of Zaporizhzhia oblast for "independence and subsequent entry into the Russian Federation". These referendums are recognized by most states to be staged and against international law. On 29 September 2022, the Russian Federation recognized Zaporizhzhia Oblast as an independent state.[9] On 30 September, Russian presidentVladimir Putin announced theannexation of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast and signed an "accession decree" which is widely considered to be illegal.[10][11] At that time, Russia was only in control of about 70% of the province as a whole.[12] TheUnited NationsGeneral Assembly subsequently passed aresolution calling on countries not to recognise what it described as an "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw".[13]
Following the reforms of 2020, the oblast is divided into five new raions, which is reduced from 25. The system of municipalities (cities of regional significance) that were directly subordinate to the oblast government was discontinued. All populated places were subordinated to raion (district) government.
Since February–March 2022, the armed forces of the Russian Federation have controlled the majority of the Zaporizhia Oblast. The city ofMelitopol serves as a temporary administration center for the occupied territories. The front lines of the war pass through Vasylivka and Polohy raions, just north of both cities ofVasylivka andPolohy.
Demographics
People in Zaporizhzhia in 2015Zaporizhzhia in 2021
According to the2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of the oblast was 1,929,171. Some 70.8% considered themselvesUkrainians, while 24.7% wereRussians. The remainder were Bulgarians (1.4%), Belarusians (0.7%), and others (1.6%). Almost half the population (48.2%) considered theRussian language to be their native language.[15]
679 daytime and 11 evening state schools plus 6 daytime schools that are non-budget supported secondary schools involved 271,400 pupils in 2001. 22 classical schools, 8 lyceums, a Sichovy collegium and 54 education-breeding complex bodies aren't out of reach to gifted children. New style 38 complex kindergarten-schools work too.[18]
Over 60,000 children develop their talents through out-of-school institutions. They attend 30 creative centres, 6 science-technical stations and four young naturalists' stations, five tourist clubs, three training flotillas, 11 children's sports clubs and 20 sports schools. The extra-scholastic education system has such a unique body as theSmall Academy of Science. Boys and girls work there in six main disciplines: physics-mathematics, chemistry-biology, history-geography, philology, industrial and information technologies. The Small Academy young members maintain close friendly relations with scientists of big institutes and universities. 26 youngsters became winners of the All-Ukrainian Academy contest, so the Zaporizhzhia oblast team gained the 1st place.
325 secondary schools, five classical schools, a collegium, and three comprehensive schools use the Ukrainian language. Nevertheless, the minorities have a free choice—193 schools are Russian, a large Jewish school «Alef» works in Zaporizhzhia and smaller ones exist in other points, a Ukrainian-Bulgarian Lyceum is in Primorsky district. The Greek, Czech, Bulgarian languages are very popular in Yakimivsky, Berdyansky, Priazovsky and Melitopole rural districts. One may learn Hebrew, Yiddish, German, Polish, Tatar and other languages attending option courses anywhere.
Specialists keep on looking for an adaptive school model. 26 institutions develop the humanization process using new teaching technologies. The Khortitsky multi-profile teaching-rehabilitation centre has worked out methods for complete support of sanatorium-boarding-schools' children. Berdiansk is the town where a regional boarding school for orphans works out active socialization programs.
42 institutions provide vocational education. This system distributes well-trained workers to regional industries and businesses. The list of specialties includes over 100 names. Vocational schools give courses for improving qualifications in cooperation with unemployment centres. More than 1,500 jobless persons get new professions every year due to it.
The higher education system is the most flexible and advanced. Today, 25 state-controlled technical colleges have I-II class rank and 8 higher institutions have III-IV class certificates. These are the university and the Zaporizhzhia Politechnic, the Medical University and the Institute of Law with Ministry of Internal Affairs in Zaporizhzhia City, the Pedagogical University, the Agricultural Academy in Melitopol and the Pedagogical Institute in Berdiansk. There are also five higher-education private bodies—the Institute of Economics and Information Technologies, the State and Municipal Government Institute and the others. Over 65,000 people are students in this oblast. There are 212 Doctors of Science and 1,420 Candidates of Science among their lecturers. The city of Zaporizhzhia is one of the biggest centres for foreigners' education in Ukraine.
The volume of the gross regional product (GRP) of the oblast in 2016 amounted to₴104,323 million (9th place among the regions). The total contribution of the oblast to the GRP of Ukraine was 4.4%.
The index of the physical volume of gross regional product in the previous year's prices was 99.7%.
The amount of gross value added (GVA) in 2016 amounted to ₴82,054 million (9th place among the oblasts).
The total contribution of the oblast to the GVA of Ukraine amounted to 4.1% in 2016.
The index of physical volume of gross value added in previous year's prices was 99.8%.
The main types of economic activity that form the GVA of the oblast are:
Industry (including the supply of electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning): 41%
^Запорізька область: Ілюстрована енциклопедія. [Т.2]: Архітектура і містобудування. Культура. Економіка. Райони області / К.С. Карафін, О. І. Красюк. -Запоріжжя : Дике Поле, 2004. - 293 с.
(In Ukrainian) Запорізька область: Ілюстрована енциклопедія. [Т.2]: Архітектура і містобудування. Культура. Економіка. Райони області / К.С. Карафін, О. І. Красюк. -Запоріжжя : Дике Поле, 2004. - 293 с.
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