Zakhar Chernyshev | |
|---|---|
Захаръ Чернышевъ | |
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| Born | Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev 1722 (1722) |
| Died | 31 August 1784(1784-08-31) (aged 61–62) |
| Awards | Order of Saint Vladimir |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Russian Empire |
| Service | Imperial Russian Army |
| Years | 1735–1764 |
| Rank | General field marshal |
| Conflicts | |
| Awards | Order of St. Andrew |
| Mayor of Moscow | |
| In office 1782–1784 | |
| Monarch | Catherine II of Russia |
| Governor-general of Pskov andMogilev Governorates | |
| In office 28 May 1772 – 1782 | |
| Monarch | Catherine II of Russia |
| President of theCollege of War | |
| In office 4 March 1764 – August 1774 | |
| Monarch | Catherine II of Russia |
Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev (Russian:Захаръ Григорьевичь Чернышевъ; 1722 – 31 August 1784) was aRussian noble,courtier toCatherine the Great,Imperial Russian Army officer, and Imperial Russian politician in the 18th century.
After made a courtier to then-Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1744, Chernyshev remained a favorite of the future Russian monarch into the 1770s. An Imperial Russian Army officer during theSeven Years' War, Chernyshev retired in 1764, and would be ultimately promoted togeneral field marshal by Catherine II. At her appointment, Chernyshev led theCollege of War from 1764 to 1774, served as hergovernor-general of thePskov andMogilev Governorates, and was themayor of Moscow until his death.
Born a Russiancount in 1722, Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev (Russian:Захаръ Григорьевичь Чернышевъ)[1] was the older brother ofIvan[2] andAndrei Chernyshev.[3] By 1744, Chernyshev spokeRussian,French, andGerman.[4]
WhenPrincess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst was betrothed toPeter III of Russia in 1744, Chernyshev was chosen by EmpressElizabeth of Russia as one of three nobles to join the princess' personal court as a gentleman of the chamber.[4] In 1745, Chernyshev's mother begged Empress Elizabeth to send her son away because she feared his infatuation with theGrand Duchess Catherine Alekseievna of Russia; Chernyshev was given a diplomatic assignment.[3] When he returned toSaint Petersburg six years later, Chernyshev began actively courting the then-grand duchess: flattering Catherine, sendinglove letters, and finding occasion to recreate with the royal.[4]
Chernyshev died unexpectedly on 31 August 1784[5] inMoscow.[1]
| Ranks held | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Name | Insignia |
| 1741 | Kapitan |  |
| 1750 | Polkovnik |  |
| 1750 | General-major |  |
| by 1762 | General |  |
| 1773 | General-feldmarshal |  |
At the age of 13, Chernyshev joined theImperial Russian Army in 1735, and was promoted tokapitan in 1741.[1] In 1748, he was assigned to aregiment in Moscow,[6] and in 1750, he was promoted to the ranks ofpolkovnik[7] andgeneral-major.[1]
As an Imperial Russiangeneral officer, Chernyshev commanded soldiers in theSeven Years' War. In 1757, he was at theBattle of Kolín, and in 1758, he joined forces with the Austrian army. For his leadership in the 1758Battle of Zorndorf and the 1760 occupation ofBerlin—capital of theKingdom of Prussia, Chernyshev was awarded theOrder of Saint Alexander Nevsky.[1] In early 1762, then-General Chernyshev commanded a Russiancorps of 16,000infantry inSilesia that was attached to the Austrian army, fighting the Prussian kingdom. Withthe 1762 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Peter III withdrew from the war and instead threw Russia's lot in with Prussia.[8] Chernyshev was given command of the Russian forces now attached to thePrussian Army, and the Prussian monarch (Frederick the Great) awarded him theOrder of the Black Eagle.[1] When Emperor Peter III was replaced by Empress Catherine II later that year on 28 June, one of her first orders was to Chernyshev: immediately return to Russia with his corps, and if King Frederick interfered, "join the nearest army corps of her Imperial Roman Majesty, the empress of Austria [Maria Theresa]."[9] Upon this change in alliances, Catherine II awarded Chernyshev with theOrder of St. Andrew.[1]
In November 1762, Chernyshev was one of ten military commanders convened by Catherine II for the purposes of reforming theImperial Russian military. Chernyshev retired from the military in early 1764, citing "weak health and straitened finances."[2]
In 1742, Kapitan Chernyshev was sent to theHoly Roman Empire city ofVienna, where he worked under the Russian ambassador there,Ludovic Lanczynski. At his mother's urging, Empress Elizabeth next sent Chernyshev as her representative to thesejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1745.[1]
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On 4 March 1764, Catherine II appointed Chernyshev to theCollege of War's top post of vice-president.[2] He was aGoverning Senator in March 1765 when he was awarded 30,000Russian rubles by Catherine II for his governmental service.[10] When it first met on 4 November 1768, Chernyshev was on Catherine II's advisory council for theRusso-Turkish War, and in autumn 1773, he was appointed to the new position of War College president,[11] along with a commiserate promotion togeneral field marshal,[12] and advised Catherine II regardingPugachev's Rebellion.[13] Having lost Catherine II's favor toLieutenant-GeneralGrigory Potemkin, Chernyshev resigned from the College of War in August 1774.[11]
Upon the 1772First Partition of Poland, theRussian Partition consisted mostly of formerPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth territory in thedrainage basin of theVistula river:[14] 92,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) that became thePskov andMogilev Governorates.[15] On 28 May 1772, Chernyshev was appointed these new governorates'governor-general.[16] He still held this office in May 1780 when Catherine II met withHoly Roman Emperor Joseph II inMogilev.[5]
In 1782, Chernyshev was recalled to Moscow to serve asthat city's mayor.[1] He commissionedMatvey Kazakov, and had a luxury home built onTverskaya Street that would house Muscovite mayors into the 20th century.[17] During his tenure, he "renewed [and] decorated the ancient capital with many buildings". For his service, he was awarded theOrder of Saint Vladimir by Catherine II.[1]
City administrators are occupying this building for already two and a half centuries. However, the initial project of genius Kazakov was more modest, and the building stood not exactly on the present location.
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