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Yushu Prefecture 玉树州 ·ཡུལ་ཤུལ་ཁུལ། | |
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玉树藏族自治州 ·ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ། Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture | |
 Location of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai | |
| Coordinates (Yushu Prefecture government (Yushu City)):33°01′N97°01′E / 33.01°N 97.01°E /33.01; 97.01 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Qinghai |
| Prefectural seat | Gyêgu,Yushu City |
| Government | |
| • Type | Autonomous prefecture |
| • CCP Secretary | Wu Dejun |
| • Congress Chairman | Zhou Hongyuan |
| • Governor | Cering Tai |
| • CPPCC Chairman | Gaisang |
| Area | |
• Total | 204,887 km2 (79,107 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,689 m (12,103 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 425,000 |
| • Density | 2.07/km2 (5.37/sq mi) |
| GDP[1] | |
| • Total | CN¥ 6.1 billion US$ 1.0 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 15,149 US$ 2,432 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-QH-27 |
| Licence Plate Prefix | 青G |
| Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 玉树藏族自治州 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 玉樹藏族自治州 | ||||||||
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| Tibetan name | |||||||||
| Tibetan | ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ། | ||||||||
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Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Tibetan:ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།,ZWPY:Yüxü Poirig Ranggyong Kü,Chinese:玉树藏族自治州;pinyin:Yùshù Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu, retranscribed into Tibetan asཡུལ་ཤུལ།), also transliterated asYüxü orYulshul, is anautonomous prefecture of SouthwesternQinghai Province, China. Largely inhabited byTibetans, the prefecture has an area of 188,794 square kilometres (72,894 sq mi) and its seat is located in the town ofGyêgu inYushu County, which is the place of the old Tibetan trade mart of Jyekundo. The official source of theYellow River lies within the prefecture. Historically, the area belongs to the cultural realm ofKham in EasternTibet.
On 14 April 2010, anearthquake struck the prefecture, registering amagnitude of 6.9[2][3] (USGS,EMSC) or 7.1[4] (Xinhua). It originated in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, at07:49 local time.[5][6]
Yushu prefecture is rich in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries. Being a constituent of the formerNangchen kingdom, the area was, for most of the time, not under domination by theDalai Lama’sGelugpa order inLhasa. The different balance of power in this part of Kham enabled the older Tibetan Buddhist orders to prevail in Yushu. Of the 195 pre-1958 lamaseries only 23 belonged to the Gelugpa.
An overwhelming majority of more than 100 monasteries followed and still follow the teachings of the variousKagyupa schools, with some of their sub-sects only found in this part of Tibet. TheSakyapa were and are also strong in Yushu, with many of their 32 monasteries being among the most significant in Kham. TheNyingmapa’s monastic institutions amount to about the same number, while theBönpo are only met with in one lamasery they share with the Nyingmapa.
Prior to collectivization in 1958, the entire monastic population of present-day Yushu TAP amounted to more than 25,000 Buddhist monks and nuns, with approximately 300incarnate lamas among them. On the average about three to five per cent of the population were monastic, with a strikingly higher share inNangchen county, where monks and nuns made up between 12 and 20% of the community.[7]
Yushu Prefecture occupies most of the southwestern third ofQinghai, with the exception of the province's extreme southwestern corner (Tanggulashan Town), which is anexclave of theHaixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Almost all of the prefecture is located in the uppermost part of the basins of three of Asia's great rivers - theYellow River, theYangtze, and theMekong,[8] although in the remote areas of the far west of the prefecture (theHoh Xil plateau), and along its northern borders, there are someendorheic basins as well. A significant portion of the prefecture's territory is incorporated into theSanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, intended to protect the headwaters of the three great rivers.
Most of the prefecture's population lives in its southeastern part: primarily in the valley of the upper Yangtze (whose section within the prefecture is known in Chinese as theTongtian River, in Tibetan as Drichuའབྲི་ཆུ།), and some also in the valley of the Mekong (the Dzachuརྫ་ཆུ། (扎曲) River[9]). The highlands away from these two rivers, as well as the western part of the prefecture, have very little population.
With elevations above 3,600 metres (12,000 ft), the prefecture has a harsh climate, with long, cold winters, and short, rainy, and cool to warm summers. Specifically, in theKöppen system, the prefecture ranges from the alpine variation of thesubarctic climate (KöppenDwc), to a fullalpine climate (KöppenEH), to asemi-arid climate (KöppenBSk).[10] Most of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September, when on average, a majority of the days each month has some rainfall. The annual mean temperature in Yushu County, at an elevation of 3,690 metres (12,110 ft), is 3.22 °C (37.8 °F) and inQumarlêb, in the northeast of the prefecture at 4,190 m (13,750 ft) elevation, −2.13 °C (28.2 °F). Sunshine is generous, ranging from around 2500 hours in the prefecture seat to 2780 hours inQumarlêb.
| Climate data for Yushu, elevation 3,717 m (12,195 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) | 15.6 (60.1) | 23.9 (75.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 34.1 (93.4) | 35.7 (96.3) | 36.8 (98.2) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.7 (92.7) | 25.2 (77.4) | 18.5 (65.3) | 15.0 (59.0) | 36.8 (98.2) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 25.8 (78.4) | 25.7 (78.3) | 23.7 (74.7) | 19.9 (67.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 9.9 (49.8) | 26.9 (80.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) | 5.2 (41.4) | 8.8 (47.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 16.0 (60.8) | 18.8 (65.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 20.8 (69.4) | 18.0 (64.4) | 12.4 (54.3) | 7.8 (46.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | 12.3 (54.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.9 (19.6) | −3.6 (25.5) | 0.4 (32.7) | 4.4 (39.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 11.5 (52.7) | 13.5 (56.3) | 12.9 (55.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 4.0 (39.2) | −1.7 (28.9) | −6.0 (21.2) | 3.9 (39.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.5 (5.9) | −10.9 (12.4) | −6.4 (20.5) | −2.2 (28.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | 6.1 (43.0) | 7.7 (45.9) | 6.9 (44.4) | 4.5 (40.1) | −1.5 (29.3) | −8.5 (16.7) | −13.6 (7.5) | −2.5 (27.4) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −20.9 (−5.6) | −18.2 (−0.8) | −13.6 (7.5) | −7.9 (17.8) | −3.3 (26.1) | 0.5 (32.9) | 2.2 (36.0) | 1.2 (34.2) | −1.8 (28.8) | −8.2 (17.2) | −14.7 (5.5) | −19.9 (−3.8) | −21.7 (−7.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) | −28.3 (−18.9) | −19.5 (−3.1) | −12.8 (9.0) | −11.6 (11.1) | −4.8 (23.4) | −1.9 (28.6) | −2.3 (27.9) | −7.9 (17.8) | −14.3 (6.3) | −20.6 (−5.1) | −27.6 (−17.7) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 4.3 (0.17) | 4.8 (0.19) | 10.3 (0.41) | 19.1 (0.75) | 57.3 (2.26) | 103.2 (4.06) | 93.1 (3.67) | 85.6 (3.37) | 77.7 (3.06) | 32.9 (1.30) | 3.4 (0.13) | 2.3 (0.09) | 494 (19.46) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.9 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 11.5 | 17.8 | 22.3 | 19.7 | 18.6 | 19.6 | 12.9 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 142.8 |
| Average snowy days | 5.9 | 7.3 | 10.0 | 13.4 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 9.6 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 62.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 42 | 40 | 41 | 48 | 55 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 68 | 63 | 48 | 41 | 53 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 185.7 | 182.0 | 215.3 | 224.5 | 222.9 | 194.2 | 218.2 | 213.1 | 188.6 | 187.6 | 198.2 | 194.4 | 2,424.7 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 58 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 52 | 45 | 50 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 64 | 63 | 55 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[11][12][13] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Qumarlêb, elevation 4,175 m (13,698 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) | 9.9 (49.8) | 13.7 (56.7) | 16.8 (62.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 24.1 (75.4) | 24.9 (76.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 20.8 (69.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 11.0 (51.8) | 8.9 (48.0) | 25.6 (78.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) | −1.0 (30.2) | 2.7 (36.9) | 7.1 (44.8) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.7 (56.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 16.3 (61.3) | 12.8 (55.0) | 6.9 (44.4) | 1.3 (34.3) | −2.2 (28.0) | 6.7 (44.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.8 (9.0) | −9.5 (14.9) | −5.4 (22.3) | −0.7 (30.7) | 3.5 (38.3) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.7 (49.5) | 9.3 (48.7) | 5.7 (42.3) | −0.9 (30.4) | −7.8 (18.0) | −12.1 (10.2) | −1.2 (29.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −20.8 (−5.4) | −17.6 (0.3) | −13.0 (8.6) | −7.9 (17.8) | −2.9 (26.8) | 1.8 (35.2) | 4.0 (39.2) | 3.4 (38.1) | 0.6 (33.1) | −6.5 (20.3) | −14.8 (5.4) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −7.8 (18.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.2 (−29.6) | −31.2 (−24.2) | −27.1 (−16.8) | −19.9 (−3.8) | −14.9 (5.2) | −6.4 (20.5) | −4.3 (24.3) | −9.5 (14.9) | −10.2 (13.6) | −24.0 (−11.2) | −28.4 (−19.1) | −34.4 (−29.9) | −34.4 (−29.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 4.4 (0.17) | 3.2 (0.13) | 7.8 (0.31) | 14.8 (0.58) | 39.4 (1.55) | 85.8 (3.38) | 96.6 (3.80) | 79.0 (3.11) | 71.3 (2.81) | 20.5 (0.81) | 3.6 (0.14) | 1.7 (0.07) | 428.1 (16.86) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.7 | 5.4 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 17.3 | 21.6 | 19.4 | 17.8 | 19.8 | 11.5 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 142.1 |
| Average snowy days | 6.8 | 7.5 | 11.2 | 13.5 | 19.2 | 7.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 7.9 | 13.6 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 100.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 43 | 39 | 42 | 47 | 57 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 70 | 61 | 49 | 42 | 54 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 205.4 | 190.9 | 219.9 | 234.9 | 232.6 | 203.3 | 232.7 | 225.1 | 206.0 | 233.7 | 230.8 | 224.1 | 2,639.4 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 65 | 61 | 59 | 60 | 54 | 47 | 53 | 55 | 56 | 68 | 75 | 73 | 61 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[11][14][15] | |||||||||||||
The prefecture is subdivided into sixcounty-level divisions, composing 5counties and 1County-level city:
| Map | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||||||
| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie Tibetan Pinyin | Population (2010 Census) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| 1 | Yushu City | 玉树市 | Yùshù Shì | ཡུལ་ཤུལ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | yul shul grong khyer Yüxü Chongkyir | 120,447 | 13,462 | 8.94 |
| 2 | Zadoi County (Zaduo County) | 杂多县 | Záduō Xiàn | རྫ་སྟོད་རྫོང་། | rdza stod rdzong Zadoi Zong | 58,268 | 33,333 | 1.74 |
| 3 | Chindu County (Chenduo County) | 称多县 | Chènduō Xiàn | ཁྲི་འདུ་རྫོང་། | khri 'du rdzong Chindu Zong | 55,619 | 13,793 | 4.03 |
| 4 | Zhidoi County (Zhiduo County) | 治多县 | Zhìduō Xiàn | འབྲི་སྟོད་རྫོང་། | 'bri stod rdzong Zhidoi Zong | 30,037 | 66,667 | 0.45 |
| 5 | Nangqên County (Nangqian County) | 囊谦县 | Nángqiān Xiàn | ནང་ཆེན་རྫོང་། | nang chen rdzong Nangqên Zong | 85,825 | 11,539 | 7.43 |
| 6 | Qumarlêb County (Qumalai County) | 曲麻莱县 | Qūmálái Xiàn | ཆུ་དམར་ལེབ་རྫོང་། | chu dmar leb rdzong Qumarlêb Zong | 28,243 | 50,000 | 0.56 |
Agricultural produce of Yushu includes trees[clarification needed], wheat and millet including black Highland barley.
The eastern part of the prefecture, where most of its population lives, is served by theChina National Highway 214 and the recently constructed (opened 2009)Yushu Batang Airport. In 2017 theG0613 Xining–Lijiang Expressway was completed, connecting the region toHainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture andXining.[16]
The far western part of the prefecture, which is hundreds of kilometers away from the prefecture's eastern "core", and has very little population, is crossed byChina National Highway 109 and theQinghai-Tibet Railway.
Ethnic groups in Yushu, according to 2005 Yushu Statistical Yearbook:[17]
| Nationality | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Tibetan | 288,829 | 97.25% |
| Han | 7,594 | 2.56% |
| Hui | 295 | 0.1% |
| Tu/Monguor | 138 | <0.1% |
| Salar | 64 | <0.1% |
| Mongol | 50 | <0.1% |
| Manchu | 22 | <0.01% |
| Others | 12 | <0.01% |
This statistics only includes the registered population, not the floating population which is estimated at 50–60,000 for the entire prefecture.
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