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| Yuri Dolgorukiy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Prince of Rostov and Suzdal | |||||
| Reign | c. 1108[1] or 1125[2] – 1157[2] | ||||
| Predecessor | First[1] | ||||
| Successor | Andrey Bogolyubsky[3] | ||||
| Grand Prince of Kiev (first) | |||||
| Reign | 1149–1151 | ||||
| Predecessor | Iziaslav II Mstislavich | ||||
| Successor | Iziaslav II Mstislavich | ||||
| Grand Prince of Kiev (second) | |||||
| Reign | 1155–1157 | ||||
| Predecessor | Iziaslav III Davidovich | ||||
| Successor | Iziaslav III Davidovich | ||||
| Born | 1099 | ||||
| Died | 15 May 1157 (aged 57) | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse |
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| Issue | |||||
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| Dynasty |
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| Father | Vladimir II Monomakh | ||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | ||||
Yuri I Vladimirovich (Russian:Юрий Владимирович,romanized: Yury Vladimirovich;Old East Slavic:Гюрги Володи́мирович; c. 1099 – 15 May 1157), commonly known asYuri Dolgorukiy (Russian:Юрий Долгорукий,romanized:Yury Dolgoruky,lit. 'Long-armed') or theLong Arm, was aMonomakhovichi prince ofRostov and Suzdal, acquiring the nameSuzdalia during his reign.[2] Noted for successfully curbing the privileges of the landowningboyar class inRostov-Suzdal and his ambitious building programme, Yuri transformed this principality into the independent power that would evolve into early modernMuscovy.[4] Yuri Dolgorukiy was the progenitor of theYurievichi[5] (Russian:Юрьевичи,romanized: YuryevichiUkrainian:Юрійовичі,romanized: Yuriiovychi), a branch of theMonomakhovichi.
Yuri spent much of his life in internecine strife with the other Rus' princes for suzerainty over theKievan Rus, which had been held by his father (Vladimir Monomakh) and hiselder brother before him.[citation needed] Although he twice managed to briefly holdKiev (in September 1149 – April 1151, again in March 1155 – May 1157) and rule asGrand Prince of Kiev, his autocratic rule and perceived foreigner status made him unpopular with the powerful Kievanboyars, leading to his presumed poisoning and the expulsion of his son (laterAndrei Bogoliubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal) in 1157.[citation needed] His rule marked the effective end of the Rus' as a unified entity until theMongol invasions, with powerful provincial territories likeVladimir-Suzdal andGalicia-Volhynia now competing for the throne of Kiev.[citation needed]
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Yuri was the sixth son of Vladimir Monomakh. It is unclear when Yuri was born. Some chronicles report that Yuri's elder brother,Viacheslav, said to him: "I am much older than you; I was already bearded when you were born."[citation needed] Since Viacheslav was born in 1083, this supposedly pushes Yuri's birth to c. 1099/1100.[citation needed] However, thePrimary Chronicle records the first marriage of Yuri – on 12 January 1108. It means that Yuri was born before c. 1099/1100 (as he could not have been 6–9 years old at the time of marriage).[citation needed]
In 1108 Vladimir Monomakh sent his young son Yuri to govern in his name the vastVladimir-Suzdal principality in the north-east ofKievan Rus'. In 1121 Yuri quarreled with theboyars ofRostov and moved the capital of his lands from that city toSuzdal. As the area was sparsely populated, Yuri founded many fortresses there. He established the towns ofKsniatin (in 1134),Pereslavl-Zalesski andYuriev-Polski (in 1152), andDmitrov (in 1154). The establishment ofTver,Kostroma, andVologda is also popularly assigned to Yuri.[citation needed]
In 1147 Yuri Dolgorukiy had a meeting withSviatoslav Olgovich (then prince ofBelgorod Kievsky) in a place calledMoscow. In 1156 Yurifortified Moscow with wooden walls and amoat.[citation needed] Although the settlement probably existed later or earlier, Dolgorukiy is often called "the Founder of Moscow".[citation needed]
For all the interest he took in fortifying his Northern lands, Yuri still coveted the throne ofKiev. It is his active participation in the Southern affairs that earned him theepithet ofDolgorukiy, "the far-reaching". His elder brother Mstislav of Kiev died in 1132, and "the Rus lands fell apart", as one chronicle put it. Yuri instantaneously declared war on the princes ofChernigov, the reigning Grand Prince and his brotherYaropolk II of Kiev, enthroned his son inNovgorod, and captured his father's hereditary principality atPereyaslav of the South. The Novgorodians, however, betrayed him, and Yuri avenged by seizing their key eastern fortress,Torzhok.[citation needed]
In 1147, Dolgorukiy resumed his struggle for Kiev and in 1149[citation needed] he captured it, but in 1151 he was driven from the capital of Rus by his nephewIziaslav. In 1155, Yuri regained Kiev once again. After presumably being poisoned at the feast of a Kievan nobleman, Yuri unexpectedly died in 1157 which sparked anti-Suzdalian uprising inKiev.[citation needed] Yuri Dolgoruki was interred at theSaviour Church in Berestovo, Kiev, but histomb is empty.[citation needed]
ThePrimary Chronicle records the first marriage of Yuri on 12 January 1108. His first wife was a daughter ofAyyub Khan (in Slavic sources: Аепа Осенев, Aepa son ofOsen [ru]),[6] Khan of theCumans. Her paternal grandfather was Osen. Her people belonged to theCumans, a confederation of pastoralists and warriors ofTurkic origin.[citation needed]
His second wife Helena survived him and moved toConstantinople. Her paternity is not known for certain, butNikolay Karamzin was the first to theorise that Helena was returning to her native city. She has since been theorised to be a member of theKomnenos dynasty which ruled theByzantine Empire throughout the life of Yuri.[citation needed]
Yuri had at least fifteen children.[citation needed] The identities of the mothers are not known for certain.[citation needed]
Yuri's memory is cherished as the legendary founder of Moscow. His patron saint,Saint George appears on thecoat of arms of Moscow slaying a dragon. In 1954, amonument to him designed by sculptorSergei Orlov was erected on Moscow'sTverskaya Street, the city's principal avenue, in front of the Moscow municipality.[citation needed]
Dolgoruki's image was stamped on theMedal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow", introduced in 1947.[citation needed]
There are monuments of Yuri Dolgorukiy inDmitrov andKostroma.[citation needed]
The nuclear submarineRFS Yury Dolgoruky is named after him.[citation needed]
Yuri Dolgorukiy Yurievichi Born: 1099 Died: 15 May 1157 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by ? | Prince of Rostov and Suzdal 1108–1157 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Grand Prince of Kiev 1149–1151 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Grand Prince of Kiev 1155–1157 | Succeeded by |
