Yuma is theprincipal city of the Yuma, Arizona,Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Yuma County. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the 2020 estimated population of the Yuma MSA is 203,247.[5] According toGuinness World Records, Yuma is the "Sunniest City on Earth," promising "sunshine and warm weather at least 91% of the year."[6] Anywhere from 70,000 to over 85,000 out-of-state visitors make Yuma their winter residence.[7]
Yuma's weather also makes it an agricultural powerhouse, growing over 175 types of crops, the largest of which is lettuce. Colloquially known by many as "The Winter Lettuce Capital of The World", Yuma County provides 90% of all leafy vegetables grown from November to March in the United States.[8][9] Yuma is also known for its large military population due to several military bases, including theMarine Corps Air Station.
Fort Yuma, California,c. 1875Steamboats on the Colorado River at Yuma,c. 1880Yuma Crossing in 1886. The railway bridge over the Colorado River was built in 1877.
During and after theCalifornia Gold Rush to the late 1870s, the Yuma Crossing was known for its ferry crossings for theSouthern Emigrant Trail. This was considered the gateway to California and the "Great Southwest",[10] as it was one of the few natural spots where travelers could cross the otherwise very wide Colorado River.
Following the United States establishingFort Yuma, two towns developed one mile downriver. The one on the California side was calledJaeger City, named after the owner of Jaeger's Ferry, which crossed the river there. It was for a time the larger of the two, with theButterfield Overland Mail office and station, two blacksmiths, a hotel, two stores, and other dwellings.[11]
The other was calledColorado City. Developed on the south side of the river in what is now Arizona by speculatorCharles Poston, it was the site of thecustom house. When started, it was just north of the border between Mexican-ruled Sonora, Mexico and California. After theGadsden Purchase by the United States, the town bordered on theTerritory of New Mexico. This area was designated as theTerritory of Arizona in 1863. The Colorado City site at the time was duly registered inSan Diego; both banks of the Colorado River just below itsconfluence with theGila were recognized as being within the jurisdiction of California. Thecounty of San Diego collected taxes from there for many years.[12]
From 1853 a smaller settlement,Arizona City, grew up on the high ground across from the fort and was organized under the name of its post office in 1858. It had adobe dwellings, two stores and two saloons. Colorado City and Jaeger City were almost completely destroyed by theGreat Flood of 1862 and had to be rebuilt on higher ground. At that time Colorado City became part of Arizona City,[11][13] later on taking the nameYuma in 1873.
From 1854, Colorado City was the major steamboat stop for traffic up and down the Colorado River. After the 1862 flood, it became part of Arizona City. The steamboats transported passengers and equipment for the various mines and military outposts along the Colorado; Colorado City was the terminus of wagon traffic up the Gila River into New Mexico Territory. They offloaded the cargo from ships at the mouth of the Colorado River atRobinson's Landing and from 1864 atPort Isabel. From 1864, theYuma Quartermaster Depot, today a state historic park, supplied all forts in present-day Arizona, as well as large parts of Colorado and New Mexico. After Arizona became a separate territory, Yuma became the county seat for Yuma County in 1871, replacingLa Paz, the first seat.
TheSouthern Pacific Railroad bridged the river in 1877, and acquiredGeorge Alonzo Johnson'sColorado Steam Navigation Company, the only steamboat company on the river. Yuma became the new base of navigation on the river, ending the need for Port Isabel, which was abandoned in 1879. The warehouses and shipyard there were moved to Yuma.
Yuma is near the borders ofCalifornia to the west andMexico to the south, and just west of theGila River's confluence with theColorado. The city is approximately 60 miles (100 km) from theGulf of California (Sea of Cortez), a branch of thePacific.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 106.7 square miles (276 km2), of which 106.6 square miles (276 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (0.07%) is water.
Yuma is noted for its weather extremes. Of any populated place in the contiguous United States, Yuma is the driest, the sunniest, and the least humid, has the lowest frequency of precipitation, and has the highest number of sunny days per year—175—with a daily maximum temperature of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher.[14][15]
Yuma features ahot desert climate (Köppen climate classificationBWh), with extremely hot summers and warm winters. Atmospheric humidity is usually very low, except during what are called "Gulf surges", when a maritime tropical air mass from theGulf of California is drawn northward, usually in connection with thesummer monsoon or the passage of a tropical storm to the south.[16]
The sun is said to shine during about 90% of the daylight hours, making Yuma one of the sunniest places in the world.[17] The city receives the most recorded mean sunshine of anywhere on Earth,[15][18] although the equipment used by the United States tends to provide higher sunshine estimates than the traditionalCampbell–Stokes recorder.[19]
On average, Yuma receives 3.36 inches (85 mm) of rain annually. Even in the wettest year of 2005, only 7.39 in (188 mm) fell. The driest year at Yuma Airport was 2007, with only 0.15 in (3.8 mm) recorded. On average, the wettest months of the year are during the monsoon months of August and September, and December, when moisture from winter storms arrives from the Pacific Ocean. June is the driest month, with drought virtually absolute.
In 1995, Yuma recorded its all-time high temperature of 124 °F (51 °C).[20] The lowest recorded temperature was in the Yuma-Mesa area in January 2007. The temperature fell to 21 °F (−6 °C) for approximately two hours, harming many crops grown in and around Yuma.Citrus suffered the most, particularly the lemon crop. According to an Arizona Department of Agriculture report in February 2007, there was a 75% to 95% loss of crop and trees. On average (according to the 1991–2020 climate period), the temperature reaches freezing point in one year in fifteen, and there are 117 days per year during which the temperature reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C), usually from April through October.[21] During July and August, the temperature fails to reach 100 °F (38 °C) on only one and two days on average, respectively.[21]
In 1997, the desert city sustained a fulltropical storm afterHurricane Nora madelandfall at the mouth of the Colorado River and quickly moved due north along it. This rare event cut power to 12,000 customers in Yuma, and dropped 3.59 inches (91 mm) of rain atMarine Corps Air Station Yuma. The last time a hurricane had hit near Yuma was in mid-August 1977, when similar rainfalls were recorded.
Climate data for Yuma, Arizona (1991–2020 normals,[a] sunshine 1981–2010, extremes 1878–present)
Snow in Yuma has only been recorded on December 12, 1932, when a light coating of snow covered the city for the first and only time in its history. A few flakes fell in January 1937 and December 1967, mixed with rain.[25]
Yuma first appeared on the 1860 U.S. Census as the village of "Arizonia" (Arizona City) in what was then Arizona County, New Mexico Territory (seeArizona City (Yuma, Arizona) for details). It returned as Arizona City in 1870 and then became Yuma in 1873. On April 12, 1902, the village of Yuma was incorporated as a town.[28] It formally incorporated as a city on April 7, 1914.[29]
As of the 2022[update]American Community Survey estimates, there were 98,517 people and 39,210 households.[30][31] Thepopulation density was 813.9 inhabitants per square mile (314.2/km2). There were 45,408 housing units at an average density of 375.2 per square mile (144.9/km2).[32][33][31] The racial makeup of the city was 39.7% White, 27.9% some other race, 2.4% Black or African American, 1.5% Asian, and 0.8% Native American or Alaskan Native, with 27.7% from two or more races.[31]Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 66.5% of the population.[31]
Of the 39,210 households, 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% had seniors 65 years or older living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 6.8% were couples cohabitating, 17.4% had a male householder with no partner present, and 27.6% had a female householder with no partner present.[30] The median household size was 2.45 and the median family size was 2.96.[30]
The age distribution was 26.3% under 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33.6 years.[34]
The median income for a household was $58,043, with family households having a median income of $65,926 and non-family households $32,347. Theper capita income was $31,467.[35][36] Out of the 96,149 people with a determined poverty status, 9.8% were below thepoverty line. Further, 10.5% of minors and 11.6% of seniors were below the poverty line.[37]
Yuma, Arizona – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the2000 census, there were 77,515 people, 26,649 households, and 19,613 families residing in the city. The population density was 726.8 inhabitants per square mile (280.6/km2). There were 34,475 housing units at an average density of 323.3 per square mile (124.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 47.5%White, 2.9%Black orAfrican American, 1.0%Native American, 1.4%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.1% fromother races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 45.7% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.
There were 26,649 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% weremarried couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.27.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.
According to the 2006 American Community Survey estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $39,885, and the median income for a family was $41,588. Males had a median income of $35,440 versus $27,035 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $18,393. About 14.1% of families and 16.9% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 13.9% of those age 65 or over.
High unemployment remains an issue in Yuma. Citing April 2014 data, theBureau of Labor Statistics ranked Yuma as having the highest unemployment rate in the United States at 23.8 percent, above the 21.6 percent inEl Centro, California.[42] Yuma's agricultural workforce, which adjusts to the picking season, is cited by the Arizona Department of Commerce as the reason for the apparent high unemployment.[43]
An aerial photo showing how the area around Yuma is highly agricultural in natureFarming near Yuma in 2011
The Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area has the highest unemployment rate in the United States as of 2018 at 20.9%.[44] A large percentage of the work force is employed seasonally in agriculture, contributing to apparent unemployment.
Yuma is colloquially referred to as the "Winter Lettuce Capital of the World".[45]
Yuma contains the historicalYuma Territorial Prison, theYuma Quartermaster Depot State Historic Park (formerly known as the Yuma Crossing Historic Park), and a historic downtown area. Yuma is anArizona Main Street City. Because of budget cutbacks at the state level, Arizona State Parks no longer operates the Territorial Prison and Quartermaster Depot. They are now operated by the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area and the City of Yuma. The Yuma Visitors' Bureau oversees the Welcome Center at the Quartermaster Depot and is the official visitors' center for the Yuma Community.
The city is the location of theMarine Corps Air Station Yuma, which conducts an annual air show and many large-scale military exercises. There is also theYuma Proving Ground, an Army base that tests new military equipment. Yuma Proving Ground is also home to the Special Operations Free Fall School, which provides training in free-fall parachute operations to Special Forces units in all branches of service, as well as those of other nations.
TheColorado River runs along the north and west side of town, serving as the border between Arizona and California. Yuma is an important station for trucking industry movement of goods between California, Arizona and Mexico.
The Rialto movie theater once owned a Kilgen pipe organ, one of the most expensive pipe organs to have been made. Originally played as accompaniment to silent films, it has been moved to the Yuma Theatre.
Every February residents and visitors enjoy the annual rodeo, the Yuma Jaycees Silver Spur Rodeo. A parade opens the events. Cowboys and cowgirls from all over the country compete in the festivities.
The Yuma County Fair takes place annually in the spring at the fairgrounds in Yuma.
On New Year's Eve 2018, the town of Yuma dropped a head of iceberg lettuce from the town's water tower, to symbolize the beginning of the new year, much like the ball drop inNew York City'sTimes Square. This is known as the "Iceberg Drop".[48]
Yuma has a soccer-specific stadium,Desert Sun Stadium, which hosted Frontera United of theUnited Premier Soccer League from 2015 to 2017. Previously a baseball facility, Desert Sun Stadium was home to theYuma Desert Rats of theNorth American League and site of home games of four teams for theArizona Winter League.[49] TheSan Diego Padres used the field as a spring training facility from 1969 until 1993[50] and aJapanese baseball team, theYakult Swallows, used the field for spring training from 1995 to 2015.[51] Many local club sports exist in the area as well, including the Yuma Sidewinders Rugby Football Club. The rugby team participates in the Division III Arizona Men'sRugby league, and travels throughout Arizona, California and Nevada, as well as playing home games in Yuma.
The city of Yuma operates as acharter city under the Charter of the City of Yuma.[52] The elected government of the city is the City Council which follows themayor–council government system and whose members include:
The Mayor of the City of Yuma acts as thechief executive officer of the city, and is elected for a period of four years. The mayor is elected from the city at large. The mayor has the following powers and responsibilities: act as an ex officio chairman of the city council (ensuring all ordinances thereof are enforced), call and preside over meetings, administer oaths and issue proclamations. The mayor is also recognized as the official head of the city by the courts and has the power to take command of the police and govern the city by proclamation during times of great danger.[52]
The City of Yuma City Council is the governing body of the City of Yuma and is vested with all powers of legislation in municipal affairs. The council is composed of six council members elected from the city at large for four-year terms, as well as the Mayor of Yuma. A deputy mayor is also elected by the Council who shall act as Mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor. Karen Watts became the most recent Deputy Mayor in 2020. The current council members are Gary Knight, Leslie McClendon, Chris Morris, Ema Lea Shoop, Mike Shelton, and Karen Watts. The next election is the August 2022 Primary for the three city council seats that are currently held by Watts, Knight, and McClendon. Former Deputy Mayor Karen Watts announced her bid for Mayor in 2022.[52]
The City Council appoints acity administrator who acts as thechief administrative officer of the city. The city administrator is directly responsible to the City Council for the administration of all city affairs placed in his charge by the City Charter, or by ordinances passed by the council. Some of the administrator's duties include: see that all laws and provisions of the City Charter are faithfully executed, prepare and submit the annual budget and capital program to the City Council and keep the City Council fully advised as to the financial condition and future needs of the city.[52]
Central and eastern Yuma is withinYuma Elementary District (District One) while northwestern Yuma is inCrane District.[53] The two districts include several schools as well as junior high schools. Yuma has four charter elementary school: AmeriSchools Academy North and South, Harvest Preparatory Academy, and Desert View Academy.
Additionally, Yuma has six private elementary schools: Yuma Lutheran School, Yuma Adventist Christian School, Immaculate Conception School, St. Francis of Assisi School, Calvary Baptist School and Southwestern Christian School.[54]
Arizona Western College is Yuma's community college, serving primarily as a choice for transfer students and those with shorter career goals.
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Farish, Thomas Edwin (1915).History of Arizona. Vol. 1. Phoenix, Ariz: Second Legislature of the State of Arizona. pp. 252–253. RetrievedFebruary 18, 2021 – via Arizona Memory Project.
^Goff, John S. (1975).Arizona Territorial Officials Volume I: The Supreme Court Justices 1863–1912. Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain Press. p. 65.OCLC1622668.
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