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After theSpanish conquest of Yucatán (early 16th to late 17th centuries), the Yucatán Peninsula became a single administrative and political entity, theCaptaincy General of Yucatán. Following Mexican independence in 1821 the local Governor proclaimed independence. Yucatán became part of theFirst Mexican Empire in December 1821. Following the collapse of the Empire in March 1823, thefirst Republic of Yucatán (founded in May 1823) voluntarily negotiated annexation to theFederal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21, 1823. On March 16, 1841, as a result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact, Yucatán declared its independence from Mexico, forming a secondRepublic of Yucatán. Eventually on July 14, 1848, Yucatán was forced to rejoin Mexico. In 1858, in the middle of theCaste War of Yucatán, the state of Yucatán was divided for the first time, establishingCampeche as a separate state (officially in 1863). During thePorfiriato, in 1902, the state of Yucatán was divided again to form the Federal territory that later became the present state ofQuintana Roo.
Before the arrival ofSpaniards in the Yucatán Peninsula, the name of this region wasMayab.[17] In theYucatec Maya language,mayab means "flat",[18] and is the source of the word "Maya" itself.
The name Yucatán, also assigned to thepeninsula, came from early explorations of theConquistadors from Europe. Three different explanations for the origin of the name have been proposed.
The first two state that the name resulted from confusion between theMaya inhabitants and the first Spanish explorers around 1517:
According to one of them, Spaniards gave the name of Yucatán to the region because the Maya answered their questions with the phraseuh yu ka t'ann, which in theMaya language meanshear how they talk.
It is also said that it came from the answer of an indigenous Maya to the question of a Spanish explorer, who wanted to know the name of the region. The Maya probably repliedMa'anaatik ka t'ann which means in the Maya languageI do not understand your speech orI do not understand you.
Probably the first person to propose the "I do not understand" version was the friarToribio de Benavente Motolinía. In his bookHistoria de los indios de la Nueva España (History of the Indians of New Spain) he says
because talking with those Indians of the coast, whatever the Spanish asked the Indians responded:Tectetán, Tectetán which meansI don't understand you, I don't understand you; they corrupted the word, and not understanding what the Indians said, they said:Yucatán is the name of this land; and the same happened in a place, a cape, which they also calledCape Cotoch; andCotoch in that language meanshouse.[19]
The origin of the first settlements has not been scientifically confirmed, although the presence of first humans in the area dates from the latePleistocene orice age (about 10,000–12,000 years), according to the findings in theLoltún caves and caverns ofTulum (Women of the Palms).[22]
The first Maya moved to the Peninsula circa 250 CE, from thePetén (today northernGuatemala), to settle the southeastern peninsula in the modernBacalar, Quintana Roo.[23][24] In 525, theChanés (Maya group that preceded theItza), moved to the east of the peninsula, foundingChichén Itzá,Izamal,Motul,Ek' Balam,Ichcaanzihó (modern Mérida) andChampotón.(Molina Solís 1896, p. 33) Later,Tutul Xiúes,Toltec descent, who came from the coast of theGulf of Mexico, settled in the region causing displacement of the Itza and Cocomes—a diversified branch of Itzá—and finally, after years and many battles, theLeague of Mayapan (composed of the Itza, the Xiús and Cocomes) was formed, which eventually disintegrated circa 1194,[25] giving way to a period of anarchy and fragmentation into small domains which the Spanish conquistadors found in the 16th century.[26]
This expedition sailed from port of Ajaruco on February 8, 1517, toLa Habana and after circling the island and sailing southwest by what is now known as theYucatán Channel, the expedition made landfall at theYucatán Peninsula on March 1. There are discrepancies about where the first explorers arrived. Some say it was inIsla Mujeres.Bernal Díaz del Castillo places it atCabo Catoche, where they saw a great city which they named the «Gran Cairo».[29]
From Tabasco, Montejo led a new campaign to Yucatán from the west (1531–35) and failed again in his attempt for conquest. Circa 1535, after many bloody battles with the natives, he reached the complete pacification of the Province of Tabasco and began planning his new foray to Yucatán.
El Adelantado was appointed governor ofHonduras and then ofChiapas. Therefore, he gave his son "El Mozo", the mission to consummate the conquest of Yucatán. Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo" founded the cities ofSan Francisco de Campeche on October 4, 1540, andMérida on January 6, 1542 (in honor ofMérida, Extremadura). The city of Mérida was founded over the ruins of the Maya city ofIchkanzihóo (T'ho) and the stones of old Maya buildings were used for the new buildings. Later, government powers were changed fromSanta María de la Victoria, Tabasco, to Mérida on June 11, 1542.[31] The newly founded Mérida was besieged by the Maya troops ofNachi Cocom (overlord or 'Halach uinik' inYucatec Maya language). It was a definitive battle for the Conquest of Yucatán. With that victory, the Spaniards consolidated their control of the western part of the peninsula.
Francisco de Montejo "El Adelantado" appointed his nephew, Francisco de Montejo "el Sobrino", to head the conquest of the eastern Yucatán, which was achieved after many bloody battles, ending with the foundation of the city ofValladolid on May 28, 1543.
Oppressive policies of inequality and prejudice were imposed on the nativeMaya by the Spanish colonial government. In November 1761,Jacinto Canek, a Maya from the town of Cisteil (now located inYaxcabá Municipality), led an armed uprising against the government, which was quickly put down. Captured insurgents were taken toMérida, where they were tried and tortured. As a warning to the population against rebellion, Cisteil was burned and covered with salt.
This abortive rebellion was not of great consequence to the colonial regime, but it marked the history of the peninsula and clearly delineated anti-colonial tensions in the region. The uprising was a precursor to the social upheaval that would explode less than a century later, as theCaste War. The Canek rebellion is remembered today as a symbol of the racial and social conflict that predominated for centuries in the Spanish colonies.
Because of its geographical remoteness from the center ofNew Spain, especially fromMexico City, Yucatán was not militarily affected by the Mexican War of Independence, though the influence was felt in other ways. In 1820 Lorenzo de Zavala, member of Sanjuanistas (a group of creoles who met at the church of San Juan in downtown Mérida), created thePatriotic Confederation, which eventually divided into two groups: the supporters of the Spanish government under theCádiz Constitution and another led by Zavala, which sought outright independence from Spain. Mariano Carrillo Albornoz then Governor of Yucatán, sent Zavala and Manuel García Sosa as deputies of theCortes of Cádiz toMadrid, while the other liberals were imprisoned. While this was happening in Yucatán, thePlan of Iguala was proclaimed in the current state ofGuerrero (at that time part of the Intendency of Mexico).
On September 15, 1821, in the Hall of Councils of the City of Mérida, Yucatán declared its independence from Spain.[32] Almost immediately, Governor Juan María Echeverri sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into theMexican Empire. The incorporation took place on November 2, 1821.[33]
The Mexican Empire was quickly overthrown (1823) under thePlan of Casa Mata, and the provinces of the erstwhile empire became independent states. The first Republic of Yucatán, declared on May 29, 1823, joined the Federal Republic of theUnited Mexican States as theFederated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823.[3][34][35]
The second Republic of Yucatán[d] emerged when the federal pact signed by Yucatán and endorsed in the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825 was broken by thecentralist government of Mexico from 1835. In 1841 the state ofTabasco decreed its separation from Mexico andMiguel Barbachano, then governor of Yucatán, sent a commission headed byJusto Sierra O'Reilly to meet with Tabasco authorities to propose the creation of an independent federal republic from Mexico formed by the two states. The idea failed when Tabasco rejoined Mexico in 1842.
On August 22, 1846, Mexican interim presidentJosé Mariano Salas restored the1824 constitution and federalism. Two years later, during the government of presidentJosé Joaquín de Herrera,Miguel Barbachano ordered the reinstatement of Yucatán to Mexico under the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825. A decisive factor for the reinstatement was theCaste War, which forced Yucatán to seek outside help. In 1852 due to internal struggles between opposing political factions, theTerritory of Campeche was created. On April 29, 1863, during the government of Mexican PresidentBenito Juárez, Campeche gained its current status as an independent state.[36]
The flag of Yucatán was raised on March 16, 1841. The period of the Republic of Yucatán was the only one in which the banner was officially used by the authorities of Yucatán.
Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña, historian, describes the flag of Yucatán: "The flag of Yucatán was divided into two parts: green on left, the right, with three divisions, red up and down and white in the middle. In the green field highlighted, five stars, symbolizing the five departments that Yucatan was divided by decree of November 30, 1840: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax and Campeche."[37]
The flag did not have official recognition in the state however, it maintained a strong recognition among the people of the state.[38][39]
The Caste War of Yucatán was a conflict that lasted from 1847 to 1901. It began with the revolt of native Maya people led by Maya chiefsJacinto Pat andCecilio Chi, against the population of European descent called "Yucatecos", who had political and economic control. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital ofChan Santa Cruz by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for over another decade.
Adam Jones wrote: "This ferocious race war featured genocidal atrocities on both sides, with up to 200,000 killed."[40]
Because of the conflict, on November 24, 1902, Yucatán had a second territorial division whenPorfirio Díaz decreed the creation of theFederal Territory of Quintana Roo,[41][42] with capital in the port ofPayo Obispo (todayChetumal). In little more than half a century, Yucatán lost more than two thirds of its original territory.
In the late 19th century, the henequen industry grew to unprecedented power in the Yucatan. The henequen grown in the Yucatan was used around the world for rope and twine, and became known as sisal rope, named after the seaside town of Sisal, from where the rope was shipped. Today Sisal is a sleepy fishing village, being rediscovered by locals and visitors as a beach location for vacation homes. The henequen industry provided financial autonomy to the isolated Yucatán. The fiber of thehenequén plant (known assosquil (maya:sos kí)) was manufactured into twine and rope, used in riggings, string, sacks, rugs, and many other items. It became the chief export item of the Yucatán, making many local families very wealthy. That wealth is today evident in the architecture of the colonial city of Mérida, as well as in the more than 150 haciendas that are spread throughout the Yucatán Peninsula.
Korean immigration to Mexico began in 1905. The first Korean migrants settled in Yucatán as workers in henequen plantations. Labour brokers began advertising in newspapers in the Korean port city ofIncheon in 1904 for workers willing to go to Mexico to work on henequen plantations for four- or five-year contracts.[citation needed] A total of more than one thousand were recruited and departed from Incheon on board a British cargo ship on 4 April 1905, despite efforts by the Korean government to block their departure. Once their contracts were up, most settled in Mexico, either continuing to work on henequen plantations or moving to various cities in the country.[citation needed]
Hundreds of prosperoushaciendas abounded in the state until the advent of synthetic products after World War II, the cultivation of henequén in other parts of the world and the self-serving actions of some of the leading henequen-growing families led to the gradual decline of the Yucatan's monopoly on the industry.[citation needed]
The great influx of wealth during that period from the henequen industry focused mainly on Mérida, the capital of Yucatán State. It allowed the city of Mérida to installstreet lights and a tram system even beforeMexico City. It is said that in the early 20th century, the city had the largest number of millionaires per capita in the world. Today,Paseo de Montejo (inspired by the Parisian avenueChamps-Élysées), is lined with the elegant houses built during that time. These houses are mostly now renovated and serve as everything from private homes to banks, hotels and restaurants. Many of the haciendas today[43] have also been renovated and now serve as private homes, event venues and upscale luxury hotels.
Until the mid-20th century most of Yucatán's contact with the outside world was by sea; trade with the US and Cuba, as well as Europe and other Caribbean islands, was more significant than that with the rest of Mexico. In the 1950s Yucatán was linked to the rest of Mexico by railway, followed by highway in the 1960s, ending the region's comparative isolation. Today Yucatán still demonstrates a unique culture from the rest of Mexico, including its own style of food.
Commercial jet airplanes began arriving in Mérida in the 1960s, and additional international airports were built first inCozumel and then in the new planned resort community ofCancún in the 1980s, making tourism a major force in the economy of the Yucatán Peninsula.
The first Maya governor of Yucatán,Francisco Luna Kan, was elected in 1976.
Today, the Yucatán Peninsula is a major tourism destination, as well as home to one of the largest indigenous populations in Mexico, theMaya people.
The State of Yucatán is located on theYucatán Peninsula. It borders the states ofCampeche to the southwest,Quintana Roo to the east and southeast, and theGulf of Mexico to the north and west. As a whole, the state is extremely flat with little or notopographic variation, with the exception of thePuuc hills, located in the southern portion of the state.
The most widespread indigenous language of Yucatán isYucatec Maya, spoken natively by approximately 800,000 people in Yucatán and adjacent Quintana Roo and Campeche, especially in rural areas. The Spanish spoken in Yucatán has lexical and some phonological borrowing from Mayan and employs many words of Mayan origin, such aspurux ("fat"),tuch ("navel") andwixar ("urinate").
In 1905, 1,003 Korean immigrants – 802 men and 231 women and children – departed from the port ofChemulpo, Incheon, aboard the shipIlford to Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. The journey took 45 days, after which they took a train toCoatzacoalcos, Veracruz. At Coatzacoalcos, another boat was taken to the port ofProgreso, with the final destination being the city of Mérida.[46] They arrived in May 1905, with previously signed contracts for four years' work as indentured laborers on the Yucatánhenequen haciendas. Many of these Koreans were distributed throughout Yucatán in 32 henequen haciendas.[47] The town ofMotul, Yucatán, located in the heart of the henequen zone, was a destination for many of the Korean immigrants. Subsequently, in 1909, at the end of their contracts, they began a new stage in which they scattered even further.[48] Thus, the majority of those who came were single men who made or remade their family lives with Yucatecan especially Maya women. While Korean girls were much more subject to marriages arranged by Korean parents, males had greater freedom when it came to making a family. This rapid intermarriage by Koreans, coupled with geographic dispersal, prevented the establishment of close social networks among these migrants and therefore provided the basis for Korean descendants across the Yucatán Peninsula.[47] After that 1905 ship, no further entries of Koreans into Mexico were recorded until many years later, leading to a new community of Koreans with completely different characteristics from those who entered in 1905.[49]
Executive power rests in thegovernor of Yucatán, who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a six-year term with no possibility of reelection. Legislative power rests in theCongress of Yucatán which is aunicameral legislature composed of 25 deputies. Judicial power is invested in the High Court of Justice of Yucatán and its district courts.
The State of Yucatán is divided into 106 municipalities, each headed by amunicipal president (mayor). Usually municipalities are named after the city that serves as municipal seat; e.g. the municipal seat of themunicipality of Mérida is the city ofMérida.
Newspapers of Yucatán include:Artículo 7,De Peso (Mérida),Diario de Yucatán,La I Noticias para Mí Mérida,Milenio Novedades (Antes El Mundo al Día), andPor Esto! (Yucatán).[51][52]
Yucatecan food is its own unique style and is very different from what most people would consider Mexican food. It includes influences from the local Maya culture,[53] as well as Caribbean, European (Spanish), (North) African, and Middle Eastern cultures, as well as influence from the cuisine of other parts of Mexico.
There are many regional dishes. Some of them are:
Poc Chuc, a Maya/Yucatecan version of barbecued pork.
Salbutes andPanuchos.Salbutes are soft, cooked tortillas with lettuce, tomato, turkey, and avocado on top.Panuchos feature fried tortillas filled with black beans and topped with turkey or chicken, lettuce, avocado and pickled onions.Habanero chiles accompany most dishes, either in solid or puréed form, along with fresh limes and corn tortillas.
Queso relleno, a "gourmet" dish featuring ground pork inside of a carved Edam cheese ball served with tomato sauce and gravy.
Pavo en Relleno Negro, a turkey meat stew cooked with a black paste made from roasted chiles, a local version of themole de guajalote found throughout Mexico. The meat soaked in the black soup is also served in tacos, sandwiches and even inpanuchos orsalbutes and is usually referred to as "Relleno negro".
Sopa de Lima, a lime-flavored soup with meat (turkey, chicken, or pork), served with tortilla chips.
Papadzules, egg tacos covered in pumpkin seed sauce and tomatoes.
Cochinita Pibil, a marinated pork dish and by far the most renowned of Yucatecan food.
As of 2016[update] the Mexican National Public Security System ranked Yucatán among the safest Mexican states.[54]It is one of the two states the U.S. advises its citizens to exercise normal precautions, alongside neighbouringCampeche.[55] Yucatán is the safest state in Mexico[56][57] and Mérida was awardedCity of Peace in 2011.[58][59]
^de San Buenaventura, Joseph (1994).Historias de la conquista del Mayab, 1511–1697. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas. p. 183.ISBN968-6843-59-0.
^Bricker, Victoria (1998).Dictionary Of The Maya Language: As Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán. University of Utah Press. p. 181.ISBN978-0874805697.
^Esquivel, Duran (September 14, 2002)."Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatán" [The Stars and Effect of the Flag of Yucatan].Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on May 20, 2012. RetrievedMay 11, 2017.... la bandera yucateca se dividió en dos campos: a la izquierda, uno de color verde, y a la derecha, otro con tres divisiones, de color rojo arriba y abajo y blanco en medio. En el campo o lienzo verde de la bandera se destacaban cinco hermosas estrellas que simbolizaban a los cinco departamentos en que se dividía Yucatán por Decreto del 30 de noviembre de 1840, a saber: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax y Campeche...
^abNovelo, Victoria (2009).Yucatecos en Cuba: Etnografía de una migración. Yucatan,Mexico: CIESAS/Conaculta/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/La Casa Chata, Serie Antropológicas.
^Hyong-Ju, Kim (2003). "La experiencia migratoria de la nueva comunidad coreana en México".Second Meeting on Korean Studies in Latin America, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África, Korea Foundation/Colmex/UBA.
^Explore Cancun & the Yucatan. Insight Guides. Apa Publications (UK) Limited (published 2018). November 2018.ISBN9781789192872.Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. RetrievedAugust 4, 2022.2016 The Mexican National Public Security System calls Yucatán one of the safest states in Mexico.
^"Travel Advisory".Mexico Travel Advisory. U.S. Department of State.Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 1, 2023.
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