| Younger Ikavian | |
|---|---|
| Bosnian-Dalmatian | |
| Native to | Bosnia and HerzegovinaCroatiaHungarySerbia |
| Region | BačkaCentral BosniaDalmatian HinterlandWestern Herzegovina |
| Ethnicity | Croats |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Younger Ikavian (Serbo-Croatian:mlađi ikavski), also calledWestern Ikavian/Western Neoshtokavian Ikavian (zapadni ikavski/zapadni novoštokavski ikavski), orBosnian–Dalmatian dialect (bosansko-dalmatinski dijalekt), is a subdialect ofShtokavianSerbo-Croatian spoken primarily by Croats in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Italy. It is spoken to a lesser extent by Bosniaks and rarely by Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most speakers use theLatin alphabet.[1]
InCroatia, it is spoken in pockets ofGorski Kotar, south ofNovi Vinodolski in theLika hinterland,Kordun, centralSlavonia,Dalmatia, and in small pockets on the Dalmatian islands ofŠolta,Brač,Hvar, andKorčula.[1][2]
InBosnia and Herzegovina, it is spoken west of the rivers ofBosna andNeretva, in theBačka region ofSerbia andHungary (inc.Budapest), and inMolise, Italy.[1][2][3]
This dialect is a sub-dialect of the Shtokavian dialect group, specifically the western sub-group.[4] It is a descendant of Western Shtokavian, which was spoken in parts of Dalmatia, Western Bosnia and Western Herzegovina. Western Shtokavian had several typically western features like Schakavism, Ikavism, a reflex "j", an acute accent, which makes it closely related to theChakavian dialects.[5]
Although one of the dialect's characteristics is its Ikavianyat reflex (*/ě/ > /i/), there do exist some local differences with rare examples of the Ekavian or Ijekavian reflex.[6] It has some similarities toSouthern Chakavian andSlavonian dialect.[1] The same applies to its morphology, which has some Italian influence, too.[7]
With regard to its accentology, the Younger Ikavian dialect has four accents. Sometimes, there is also an oldacute accent, while in the case of Slavomolisano often only two accents occur due the surrounding Italian influences.[8]
Aside from Slavomolisano and the language spoken in coastal regions, which have adopted a greater number of Italian loanwords, its lexicon is found to have many Turkish loanwords. In Lika and the Bačka region, German influences are present, with the latter also having Hungarian influences.[9] Younger Ikavian has a number of similar words with the Chakavian dialect such as "grem", "tovar", "muka", "iskat", "hiža", "lačan", "povidat", "zabiti", "dažd/daždit", "pot", or "vlasi."[9]
In some cases, such as in the area ofSlunj, today's Younger Ikavian Shtokavian speakers could be described as Chakavian Ikavian speakers who have been Shtokavised.[10]
This dialect can be further divided into Ikavian Schakavian (Šćakavian; fromšćakavski) and Ikavian Shtakavian (Štakavian; fromštakavski) sub-dialects:[3][11]
There are other sub-dialects such as the ones in Makarska-Primorje and Livno-Vrbas, which are both Schakavian, and the Western Hum and Biokovo-Cetina sub-dialects, which are both Shtakavian.[5] These can be further divided into Schakavian and Shtakavian, which feature the change of "-l" into "-o" or "-a":[4]
These subdivisions suggest that several different dialects and local vernaculars existed before the 16th century.[5]
TheSlavomolisano dialect (with some Chakavian influences) andBunjevac dialect are recognised local vernaculars.
In 2018, Serbia finalised the standardisation of theBunjevac dialect in Serbia.[12][13]
In 2021, Croatia categorised the Bunjevac dialect with its three historical-ethnological sub-branches called Dalmatian, Danubian, and Littoral-Lika.[14]
Bunjevački rečnik je audio-rečnik koji za cilj ima da predstavi realnu, svakodnevnu i spontanu upotrebu bunjevačkog govora. Zamišljen je kao baza koja će moći da se dopunjuje i proširuje. Kao osnova rečnika korišćeni su audio snimci prikupljani tokom istraživanja bunjevačkih običaja i govora od strane Balkanoločkog instituta Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti tokom 2009. godine. Rezultati tog istraživanja objavljeni su monografiji "Bunjevci - Etnodijalektološka istraživanja 2009"1. Iz tog korpusa uzete su reči i primeri njihove upotrebe, a značenja reči su preuzete iz "Rečnika bačkih Bunjevaca"2. Za svaku reč, kao i za primere postoji zvučni zapis, kako bi bilo moguće čuti njihov autentičan izgovor. Bunjevački govor pripada mlađim štokavskim dijalektima ikavskog narečja. Bunjevci naseljavaju oblast Bačke, i to pretežno mesta u okolini Subotice i Sombora. Pomenuta istraživanja Balkanološkog instituta, obuhvataju govore iz okoline Subotice, tačnije ruralne zajednice Bikovo, Klisa, Đurđin, Mala Bosna, Stari Žednik i Tavankut. Izostavljene su zajednice iz Sombora i Bunjevci iz Mađarske. Bunjevački rečnik je 2013. godine započela Teodora Vuković, studentkinja master studija na Filološkom fakultetu u Beogradu, uz podršku prof. dr Biljane Sikimić sa Balkanološkog instituta Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti. Projekat podržavaju Balkanološki institut i Nacionalni savet bunjevačke nacionalne manjine. SANU, 2012
Bunjevački govori pripadaju novoštokavskom ikavskom dijalektu štokavskoga narječja hrvatskoga jezika. Govore se u dijelovima Dalmatinske zagore, Ravnih kotara, Like, Primorja, Gorskoga kotara, Slavonije i Baranje. Tim se govorima govori i u Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji i Mađarskoj. Povijesno i etnološki razlikuju se tri ogranka: podunavski (Bačka, južna Mađarska i okolica Budimpešte), primorsko-lički (Hrvatsko primorje, Lika i Gorski kotar) te dalmatinski Bunjevci (Dalmacija s dinarskim zaleđem, jugozapadna Bosna i Hercegovina). Svim je Bunjevcima prostorno ishodište jugoistočno dinarsko-jadransko granično područje, a vremensko je ishodište razdoblje srednjega vijeka. Bunjevački ogranci prema povijesnim, etnološkim i lingvističkim istraživanjima pokazuju kulturnu povezanost i bliskost.