TheYorkshire Terrier, also known as aYorkie, is a Britishbreed oftoy dog ofterriertype. It is among the smallest of the terriers and indeed ofall dog breeds, with a weight of no more than 3.2 kg (7 lb).[1] It originated in the nineteenth century in the Englishcounty ofYorkshire, after which it is named.[2] The coat is tan on the head and dark steel-grey on the body; no other colour is accepted by eitherThe Kennel Club or theFédération Cynologique Internationale.[1][3]
It is a playful and energetic dog, usually kept as acompanion dog. It has contributed to the development of other breeds including theSilky Terrier, and also tocross-breeds such as theYorkipoo.
A Yorkshire Terrier from 1915Two Yorkshire Terriers—Mrs. Foster's "Huddersfield Ben" and Lady Giffard's "Katie" (c. 1870)A painting from the 19th century depicting a Yorkshire-like terrier byErnest Gustave Girardot
The Yorkshire Terrier originated inYorkshire. In the mid-nineteenth century, workers from Scotland came to Yorkshire in search of work and brought with them several varieties ofterrier dogs. Breeding of the Yorkshire terrier was "principally accomplished by the people – mostly operatives in cotton and woollen mills – in the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire."[4] In the 1800s, miners wanting to develop a ratting terrier, bred Black-and-Tan Terriers with the Paisley and Clydesdale Terriers.[5]
Details are scarce. Mrs A. Foster is quoted as saying in 1886,[6]
If we consider that the mill operatives who originated the breed were nearly all ignorant men, unaccustomed to imparting information for public use, we may see some reason why reliable facts have not been easily attained.
The breed originates from two[clarification needed] distinct dogs, a male named Old Crab, a female named Kitty, and another female whose name is not known.[7] ThePaisley Terrier, a smaller version of theSkye Terrier that was bred for a beautiful long silky coat, also figured into the early dogs. Some authorities believed that theMaltese was used as well.[8] "They were all originally bred from Scotch Terriers (meaning dogs from Scotland, not today'sScottish Terrier) and shown as such the name Yorkshire Terrier was given to them on account of their being improved so much in Yorkshire."[6]
Yorkshire Terriers were shown in a dog show category (class) at the time called "Rough and Broken-coated, Broken-haired Scotch and Yorkshire Terriers". Hugh Dalziel, writing in 1878, says that "the classification of these dogs at shows and in the Kennel Club Stud Book is confusing and absurd" in lumping together these different types.[9] In the early days of the breed, "almost anything in the shape of a Terrier having a long coat with blue on the body and fawn or silver coloured head and legs, with taildocked and ears trimmed, was received and admired as a Yorkshire Terrier".[4] But in the late 1860s, a popular Paisley-type Yorkshire Terrier show dog namedHuddersfield Ben, owned by a woman living in Yorkshire, Mary Ann Foster, was seen at dog shows throughout Great Britain, and defined the breed type for the Yorkshire Terrier.[10]
Huddersfield Ben was a Yorkshire Terrier whose portrait was painted byGeorge Earl[11] and in 1891 an authority on the breed wrote, "Huddersfield Ben was the beststud dog of his breed during his lifetime, and one of the most remarkable dogs of any pet breed that ever lived; and most of the show specimens of the present day have one or more crosses of his blood in their pedigree."[12] A show winner, Huddersfield Ben, through his puppies, helped define the Yorkshire Terrier breed. He is still referred to as "father of the breed".[10]
The Yorkshire Terrier was introduced in North America in 1872[13] and the first Yorkshire Terrier was registered with theAmerican Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885.[2][14] During theVictorian era, the Yorkshire Terrier was a popular pet and show dog in England, and as Americans embraced Victorian customs, so too did they embrace the Yorkshire Terrier.[15] The breed's popularity dipped in the 1940s, when the percentage of small breed dogs registered fell to an all-time low of 18% of total registrations.[16]Smoky, a Yorkshire Terrier and famouswar dog from World War II, is credited with beginning a renewal of interest in the breed.[17] The AKC ranked the Yorkshire Terrier as the 6th most popular purebred in the United States in 2012 and 2013.[2] It has since fallen to 11th of 202 in 2024.[18]
For adult Yorkshire Terriers,The American Kennel Club places importance on coat colour, quality, and texture.[19] According toThe Kennel Club (UK), the hair must be glossy, fine, straight, and silky. Traditionally the coat is grown out very long and is parted down the middle of the back, but "must never impede movement.".[20] The hair of the Yorkshire Terrier can be used to determine content of metals in the dog organism.[21]
From the back of the neck to the base of the tail, the coat should be a dark grey to a black colour,[failed verification][19] and the hair on the tail should be a darker black.[failed verification][20] According to the American Kennel Club Breed Standard, on the head, high chest and legs, the hair should be a bright, rich tan, darker at the roots than in the middle, that shades into a lighter tan at the tips, but not for all dogs. Also, in adult dogs there should be no black hairs intermingled with any of the tan-coloured fur.[19] The fine, straight, silky coat is consideredhypoallergenic.
A 2.5-year-old, four pound, silver and brown Yorkshire Terrier with a fresh, short haircut
A silver-blue and pale cream Yorkshire Terrier, with characteristic long hair
A silver-blue and pale cream Yorkshire Terrier
A Yorkshire Terrier with a dark coat
Golden Yorkie, judged as miscolour in normal Yorkshire breeding. The saddle is missing due to therecessivegene for red on the extension locus (seeDog coat genetics).
Adult Yorkshire Terriers whose coat colours deviate from the standard, or that have woolly or extra fine coats, are still Yorkshire Terriers. The only difference is that it is not recommended to intentionally breed atypical Yorkshire Terriers.[22] In addition, care may be more difficult for "woolly" or "cottony" textured coats, or coats that are overly fine.[19] Coats may vary in colour. For example, a mature Yorkie may have a silver-blue with light brown, while another might have a black and creamy colour.
The long coat on the Yorkshire Terrier requires regular brushing.[2]
The typical fine, straight, and silky Yorkshire Terriercoat has also been listed by many popular dog information websites as beinghypoallergenic. In comparison with many other breeds, Yorkies do not shed to the same degree, losing small amounts when bathed or brushed.[23] The dog'sdander and saliva typically trigger allergic reactions.[24] Allergists recognise that at times a particular allergy patient will be able to tolerate a particular dog, but they agree that "the luck of the few with their pets cannot be stretched to fit all allergic people and entire breeds of dogs."[25] The Yorkshire Terrier coat is said to fall out only when brushed or broken, or just said to not shed.[26] Although neither of those statements agree with what biologists, veterinarians, and allergists know aboutdog fur, allergists "think there really are differences in protein production between dogs that may help one patient and not another".[25]
The Yorkshire Terrier is a tan dog with a blue saddle. Particolours exist, although they are not correct for the breed standard. The particolour coat is white with black-blue and tan. The white is caused by therecessivepiebald gene. It is very rare to get a particolour, and if one is found, it tends to be very expensive.[27] Some Yorkshire Terriers are solid golden, they only producepheomelanin, others are liver or chocolate, a brown colour; they produce browneumelanin instead of black eumelanin.[28][29] The standard prescribes clearly defined fur-colours, and non-standard colours may indicatecrossbreeding with other breeds or in rare cases even health problems.[22] The AKC registration form for Yorkshire Terriers allows for four choices: blue and tan, blue and gold, black and tan, black and gold. Colour alone will not affect whether or not a dog is a good companion and pet. Even though off-coloured Yorkshire Terriers are advertised at premium prices, being of an unusual or atypical colour is stated to be neither new, desirable, nor exotic.[27]
Mismatched Yorkshire Terriers should not be crossed with theBiewer Terrier, a new breed that originated in Germany.[30] Although the AKC will not deny registration of a Yorkshire Terrier on colour alone, meaning that particolours are now registerable with the AKC, the Yorkshire Terrier Club of America has a directive that "any solid colour or combination of colours other than black and tan" for adult dogs is a disqualification, and "dogs of solid colour, unusual combination of colours, and particolours should be disqualified."[31]
A Yorkshire Terrier puppy, displaying a black and tan coat
It may take three or more years for the coat to reach its final colour. The final colour is usually a black or greyish colour.[31] P. H. Combs, writing in 1891, complained about show wins awarded to puppies, when the dog's coat does not fully come in until three or four years old, "and the honour of winning such a prize (for a puppy) can therefore be of but little practical benefit to the owner" since the adult dog's colour cannot be exactly predicted.[32][33]
Owners may trim the hair short for easier care. For shows, the coat is left long, and may be trimmed to floor length to give ease of movement and a neater appearance. Hair on the feet and the tips of ears can also be trimmed.[19][20] The traditional long coat is extremely high maintenance. The coat might get knotted if not brushed daily (a bristle brush for short and shaved coat and a pin brush for long coat). In order to prevent breakage, the coat may be wrapped inwashi paper,tissue paper or plastic, after a light oiling with a coat oil. The oil has to be washed out once a month and the wraps must be fixed periodically during the week to prevent them from sliding down and breaking the hair. Elaborate coat care dates from the earliest days of the breed. In 1878, John Walsh described similar preparations: the coat is "well greased" withcoconut oil, the dog is bathed weekly, and the dog's feet are "carefully kept in stockings".[34]
The Yorkshire Terrier character is described as "conveying an important air". According to the standard, the dog's high head carriage and confident manner should give the appearance of vigor and self-importance.
The ideal Yorkshire Terrier character or "personality" has been described bythe Kennel Club as having a "carriage very upright conveying an important air".[20]
Health issues often seen in the Yorkshire Terrier includebronchitis,lymphangiectasia,portosystemic shunt,cataracts, andkeratitis sicca.[36] Additionally, Yorkies often have a delicatedigestive system, with vomiting or diarrhoea resulting from consumption of foods outside of a regular diet.[37] The relatively small size of the Yorkshire Terrier means that it usually has a poor tolerance foranaesthesia. Additionally, a toy dog such as the Yorkie is more likely to be injured by falls, other dogs, and owner clumsiness.[37]
The Yorkshire Terrier has an above average life expectancy. A 2013 study in the UK of patient records found the breed to have a life expectancy of 13 years, higher than the average.[38] A similar 2022 study in the UK found the breed to have a life expectancy of 12 and a half years.[39] A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.3 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.[40] A study in Japan based on pet cemetery data found a life expectancy of 14.3 years, above the average life expectancy.[41][1] A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 13 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.[42]
A Morkie (half Maltese, half Yorkshire Terrier) puppy with his deciduous teeth and adult teeth growing inA Yorkshire Terrier's retained deciduous or baby fangs
Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, which causes the top of thefemur (thigh bone) todegenerate, occurs in Yorkies in certain lines.[48] The condition appears to result from insufficientcirculation to the area around thehip joint. As the blood supply is reduced, the bone in the head of the femur collapses and dies and thecartilage coating around it becomes cracked and deformed.[48] Usually the disease appears when the Yorkie is young (between five and eight months of age); signs are pain, limping or lameness.[49] The standard treatment is surgery to remove the affected part of the bone.[49] Following surgery, muscles hold the femur in place and fibrous tissue forms in the area of removal to prevent bone rubbing on bone.[50] Although the affected leg will be slightly shorter than prior to surgery, the Yorkie may regain almost normal use.[49]
Luxating patellas (slippingkneecaps) are another common defect considered to be genetic in Yorkies, although it may also be caused by an accidental fall. Weakligaments andtendons in theknee or malformed (too shallow) patellar grooves, allow the patella to slip out of its groove sideways.[51] This causes the leg to 'lock up' with the foot held off the ground.[51] A dog with this problem may experience frequent pain and lameness, or may be bothered by it only on occasion. Over time, the patellar ridges can become worn down, making the groove even more shallow and causing the dog to become increasingly lame.[51] Surgery is the main treatment option available for luxating patellas, although it is not necessary for every dog with the condition. The severity of luxating patellas are on a scale of 1 to 4, with 4 being the most severe. Many dogs will not develop past a stage 1 or 2.
Portosystemic shunt, a congenital malformation of theportal vein (which brings blood to theliver for cleansing), is also common in Yorkies. In this condition some of the dog's blood bypasses the liver and the "dirty" blood goes on to poison the heart, brain, lungs and otherorgans with toxins. A Yorkie with this condition might exhibit a wide variety of symptoms, such as small stature, poor appetite, weak muscle development, decreased ability to learn, inferior coordination, occasional vomiting and diarrhoea,behavioral abnormalities, seizures (especially after a meal) andblindness, which could lead to a coma and death. Often, the shunt can be treated with surgery.[52]
Tracheal collapse
Tracheal collapse, caused by a progressive weakening of the walls of thetrachea, occurs in many toy breeds, especially very tiny Yorkies.[53] As a result of genetics, the walls of the trachea can be flaccid, a condition that becomes more severe with age.Cushing's syndrome, a disorder that causes production of excess steroid hormone by the adrenal glands, can also weaken cartilage and lead to tracheal collapse.[54] There is a possibility that physical strain on the neck might cause or contribute to trachea collapse. Since this is usually caused by an energetic Yorkie pulling against his collar, many veterinarians recommend use of a harness for leashed walks.[53] An occasional "goose honking" cough, especially on exertion or excitement, is usually the first sign of this condition.[53] Over time, the cough may become almost constant in the Yorkie's later life. Breathing through the obstruction of a collapsed (or partially collapsed) trachea for many years can result in complications, including chronic lung disease. The coughing can be countered withcough suppressants andbronchodilators.[53] If the collapse is advanced and unresponsive to medication, sometimes surgery can repair the trachea.[53]
A UK study found the Yorkshire Terrier to be 6.79 times more likely to acquire impaired hepatic perfusion compared to other dogs.[55]
Low blood sugar in puppies, ortransient juvenile hypoglycaemia, is caused by fasting (too much time between meals).[56] In rare cases, hypoglycaemia may continue to be a problem in mature, usually very small, Yorkies. It is often seen in Yorkie puppies at 5 to 16 weeks of age.[56] Very tiny Yorkie puppies are especially predisposed to hypoglycaemia because a lack of muscle mass makes it difficult to storeglucose and regulate blood sugar.[56] Factors such as stress, fatigue, a cold environment, poor nutrition, and a change in diet or feeding schedule may bring on hypoglycaemia.[57] Low blood sugar can also be the result of abacterial infection,parasite or portosystemic liver shunt.[58] Hypoglycaemia causes the puppy to become drowsy, listless (glassy-eyed), shaky, uncpoglycaemic attack, the puppy usually has very pale or grey gums.[59] The puppy also may not eat unless force-fed.[56] Hypoglycaemia and dehydration seem to go hand-in-hand, and force-feeding or injecting fluids may also be necessary. Additionally, a hypoglycaemic Yorkie may have a lower thannormal body temperature and, in extreme cases, may have aseizure or go into acoma.[60] A dog showingsymptoms should be given sugar in the form of corn syrup or Nutri-Cal and be treated by aveterinarian immediately, as prolonged or recurring attacks of hypoglycaemia can permanently damage the dog's brain.[60] In severe cases, it can be fatal.[56]
Traditionally, the Yorkshire Terrier's tail is docked to a medium length.[62] Opposition to this practice began very early in the history of the breed; Hugh Dalziel, writing about Yorkshire Terriers in 1878, declared that "There is no reason for mutilating pet dogs, and perfect ears and tails should be bred, not clipped into shape with scissors."[9] AKC andCanadian Kennel Club still require the Yorkie's tail be docked in order to compete at its events.[19] The majority of the rest of the world has adopted a "no docking/nocropping" rule.[citation needed]
A Yorkshire Terrier, trimmed
A Yorkshire Terrier in need of brushing
A Yorkshire Terrier with floppy ears
According to the standard, the ears must be small, V-shaped, carried erect and set not too far apart. If this is not the case, the dog should not be used for breeding.
Two Yorkshire Terriers with short hair from the back
The Yorkshire Terrier breed descends from larger but similar Scottish breeds, such as theSkye Terrier and the now-extinctPaisley Terrier. In its turn, other breeds have been created from the Yorkshire Terrier, such as theSilky Terrier and theBiewer Terrier.
The Biewer Terrier, bred from blue, white and gold puppies named Schneeflocke and Schneeflöckchen von Friedheck,[63][64][65] owned by Mr. and Mrs. Biewer in Germany,[66] was once considered a variation of the Yorkshire Terrier but has since been recognised as a separate breed by many kennel clubs, including the AKC.[67]
A Yorkshire terrier being exhibited at a show in October 2009
In 1997, Champion Ozmilion Mystification became the first Yorkie to win Best in Show atCrufts, the world's largest annual dog show.[68][69]
Sylvia, a matchbox-sized Yorkshire Terrier owned by Arthur Marples ofBlackburn, England, was the smallest dog in recorded history. The dog died in 1945 when she was two years old, at which point she stood2+1⁄2 in (6.4 cm) tall at the shoulder, measured3+1⁄2 in (8.9 cm) from nose tip to tail, and weighed 4 oz (110 g).[70][71]
Smoky, a war dog and hero of World War II, was owned byWilliam Wynne ofCleveland,Ohio. Wynne adopted Smoky while he was serving with the 5th Air Force in the Pacific.[72]
1.^ The Japanese study reviewed cemetery data which is unlikely to have any records of still-births and altricial deaths whilst a veterinary clinic likely would have data on these.
^abP. H. Combs in The American Book of the Dog, pg 443, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891 no ISBN
^abMrs A Foster of Bradford, England, quoted by James Watson in the Century Magazine in 1886; on page 441 of The American Book of the Dog, pg 454, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891, no ISBN
^1885 article by Ed. Bootman of Halifax, England was printed in The Stock-Keeper, detailing the breed's origins, discussed pg 441-442 The American Book of the Dog, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891 no ISBN
^British dogs, their points, selection, and show preparation, by William D. Drury, pg 582 published 1903, L. Upcott Gill, London, and Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (no ISBN) Quote: "I think the Yorkshire gets the softness and length of coat due to Maltese blood".
^abquoted inThe dogs of the British Islands, by John Henry Walsh, The Field, publisher, 1878, Third Edition, pg 213
^2006 art exhibition catalogue "Best in Show, the Dog in Art from the Renaissance to Today", notes by Edgar Peters Bowron, Yale University Press,ISBN0-300-11588-1
^P. H. Combs inThe American Book of the Dog, pg. 454, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891 no ISBN
^Caroline Coile, D. (2003).The Yorkshire Terrier Handbook. Hauppauge, New York, USA: Barron's Educational Series Inc. p. 5.ISBN978-0-7641-2585-0.first Yorkshire Terrier was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885.
^Kosla, T., & Skibniewska, E. M. (2010). The content of aluminum in the hair of Yorkshire terrier dogs from the Warsaw area depending on sex, age and keeping conditions. Trace Elements & Electrolytes, 27(4), 209–213.
^abShirley Patterson Secretary of the YTCA."What Is A RESPONSIBLE BREEDER".www.theyorkshireterrierclubofamerica.org. Archived fromthe original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved17 July 2022.
^The American book of the Dog, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York, 1891, no ISBN. Section on the Yorkshire written by P. H. Combs
^The Dogs of the British Islands, pg 212, by John Henry Walsh, The Field publisher, 1878, Third Edition
^Coren, Stanley (2006).The Intelligence of Dogs. London, UK: Pocket Books.ISBN978-1-4165-0287-6.
^Lane, Marion (2001).The Yorkshire Terrier: An Owner's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet, Second Edition, Howell Book House - Wiley Publishing, Inc.,ISBN0-87605-477-7.
^Roccaro, Mariana; Salini, Romolo; Pietra, Marco; Sgorbini, Micaela; Gori, Eleonora; Dondi, Maurizio; Crisi, Paolo E.; Conte, Annamaria; Dalla Villa, Paolo; Podaliri, Michele; Ciaramella, Paolo; Di Palma, Cristina; Passantino, Annamaria; Porciello, Francesco; Gianella, Paola; Guglielmini, Carlo; Alborali, Giovanni L.; Rota Nodari, Sara; Sabatelli, Sonia; Peli, Angelo (2024)."Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy".Preventive Veterinary Medicine.225 106155.doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155.hdl:11585/961937.PMID38394961.
^Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (25 January 2011).Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58.ISBN978-0-8138-1596-1.
^abcFoster, Race; Smith, Marty (2007)."Luxating Patella". PetEducation.com. Retrieved5 March 2007.
^"Portosystemic Shunt".Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Archived fromthe original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved10 February 2015.
^abcdeDegner, Danial (2004)."Tracheal Collapse". Vet Surgery Central Inc. Retrieved4 March 2007.
^Bandara, Y.; Bayton, W. A.; Williams, T. L.; Scase, T.; Bexfield, N. H. (2021). "Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom".Journal of Small Animal Practice.62 (9):730–736.doi:10.1111/jsap.13354.ISSN0022-4510.PMID34155648.
^Brooks, Wendy C. (31 July 2005)."Toy Breed Hypoglycemia". VeterinaryPartner.com. Retrieved10 March 2007.
^"系统发生错误".www.yorkiesllc.com. Archived fromthe original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved17 July 2022.
^abWeston, Lee."Hypoglycemia". Pomeranian Club of Canada. Archived fromthe original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved10 March 2007.
^Oliver, James A.C.; Mellersh, Cathryn S. (2020). "Genetics". In Cooper, Barbara; Mullineaux, Elizabeth; Turner, Lynn (eds.).BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing (Sixth ed.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association. p. 131.ISBN978-1-910-44339-2.
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