The area was granted toAdriaen van der Donck, thepatroon ofColen Donck, in July 1645. Van der Donck was known locally asJonkheer,'young gentleman', anhonorific title derived from the Dutchjonk,'young', andheer,'lord'. The title, similar toesquire, is linguistically comparable to the GermanJunker.Jonkheer was shortened toJonker (possessiveJonkers), from which the nameYonkers derives.[8]: 91 The city's residents areknown as Yonkersonians, Yonkersites, Yonkers, or Yonks.[1]: 549
The indigenousNative American village of Nappeckamack was located near the Neperah stream (now theSaw Mill River, also known as Nepperhan Creek), which flowed into the Shatemuck (Hudson River).[9] The land on which the city is built was once part ofColen Donck, a 24,000-acre (97-square-kilometer) Dutchland grant. It ran 12 miles (19 km) north from the present-dayManhattan–Bronx border at Marble Hill, and from the Hudson River east to theBronx River.[10]
Adriaen van der Donck (d. 1655) built asaw mill near the confluence of Nepperhan Creek and the Hudson River.[11] Near the site of Van der Donck's mill is thePhilipse Manor Hall State Historic Site, amanor house owned byDutch colonists. Thehistoric house museum is also an archive. The original structure was built by white workers andenslaved people forFrederick Philipse and his wife, Margaret Hardenbroeck de Vries, around 1682. Philipse was a wealthy Dutchman[12] who, at his death, had amassed an estate which included present-day Yonkers and several Hudson River towns inWestchester County.[13] By the mid-18th century, the Philipse family had one of the largest slave-holdings in the colonial North.[14] Philipse's great-grandson, Frederick Philipse III, was a prominentloyalist during theAmerican Revolution who had economic and political ties to English businesspeople. Because of his political leanings, he fled to England. The New York revolutionary government confiscated and sold all lands and property belonging to the Philipse family.[15] Today, theEnslaved Africans' Raingarden on the Yonkers waterfront preserves the memory of victims of theslave trade in Yonkers and Westchester County.[16] Both the Philipse Manor Hall and the Raingarden are tour stops on theAfrican American Heritage Trail of Westchester County.[17]
Yonkers has undergone several changes to neighborhoods in an effort to revitalize the city, which has includedgentrification. Changes were made to its waterfront, which included revitalizing its green space.[7]
Residents of the western area of downtown Yonkers opposed the Pierpointe, a condominium-complex development proposal that would build over 1,900 condominiums (including six 38-story towers), during the 1980s struggle against segregation. According to critics, the development would bring homelessness and gentrification to the area.[18]
Downtown gentrification has raised concerns that poorer residents might be forced out of the city.[19] A Yonkers Arts Gallery painting,But It's Ours: The Redline Between Poverty and Wealth by Shanequa Benitez, illustrates the effects of gentrification on Yonkers.[20]
Yonkers in 1867, including the small Village of Yonkers; southern Yonkers was annexed byNew York City in 1874.
The Village of Yonkers was incorporated in the western Town of Yonkers in 1854, and incorporated as a city in 1872. In 1873, the southern Town of Yonkers (outside the City of Yonkers) became the Town of Kingsbridge; this includedWoodlawn Cemetery and the present-day neighborhoods ofKingsbridge,Riverdale, andWoodlawn Heights. The Town of Kingsbridge was annexed by New York City the following year as part of the Bronx. In 1898, Yonkers,Brooklyn,Queens, andStaten Island voted on a referendum to determine if they wanted to become part of New York City. Although the referendum passed elsewhere, Yonkers and neighboringMount Vernon were not included in the consolidated city and remained independent.[23] Some residents call Yonkers "thesixth borough" because of its location on the New York City border, its urban character, and the merger referendum.[24]
A 1942 subway connection was planned between Getty Square and theIRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, which terminates in Riverdale at242nd Street (slightly south of the city line). The plan was dropped.[25][26]
In 1937, a 175-foot (53 m)water tower collapsed in the Nodine Hills area; nine people were initially injured.[27]: 1 : 4–5 The injury total increased by three after the collapse, bringing the number to 12.[28]: 1 About 100,000 U.S. gallons (380,000 L) of water from the tower spilled, causing flooding in the area that crushed cars and damaged homes. Construction of a new tower began in 1938, and it became operational the following year.[29]
During theAmerican Civil War, 254 Yonkers residents joined theU.S. Army andNavy. They enlisted primarily in four regiments: the6th New York Heavy Artillery, the5th New York Volunteer Infantry, the17th New York Volunteers, and the 15th NY National Guard. During theNew York City draft riots, Yonkers formed the Home Guards. The guards were a force of constables formed to protect Yonkers from rioting, which was feared to spread from New York City (it did not). Seventeen Yonkers residents were killed during the Civil War.[30] A towering Sailors and Soldiers Memorial, dedicated in 1891, is located on the grounds of Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site.[31]
DuringWorld War I, 6,909 Yonkers residents (about seven percent of the city's population) entered military service.[32]: vi Most Yonkers men joined the27th Division or the77th Division.[32]: 6 One hundred thirty-seven city residents were killed during the war.[32]: 77 In the 1918 sinking of theUSSPresident Lincoln, seventeen sailors from Yonkers survived.[32]: 15 Civilians helped the war effort by joining organizations such as theAmerican Red Cross. The Yonkers chapter of the Red Cross had 126 members in 1916; by the end of the war, 15,358 Yonkers residents belonged to the chapter. Mostly women, they prepared surgical dressings, created hospital garments for the wounded, and knit articles of clothing for refugees and soldiers. In addition to joining the Red Cross, Yonkers residents donated $19,255,255 to a number of war drives.[32]: 23–24
The city's factorieswere converted to produce items forWorld War II, such as tents and blankets from the Alexander Smith and Sons carpet factory and tanks from the Otis Elevator factory. Increased competition from less-expensive imports resulted in a decline in manufacturing in Yonkers after the war, and a number of industrial jobs were lost.[33]
Yonkersc. 1860sThe Yonkers Public Library in December 2014
Yonkers was originally a small farming town which produced peaches, apples, potatoes, oats, wheat, and other agricultural goods to be shipped toNew York City along theHudson River.Water power created manufacturing jobs.[34]: 2 Elisha Otis invented a safety elevator in 1853, and theOtis Elevator Company opened the world's first elevator factory on the Hudson near present-day Vark Street.[35][36]: 66 The company moved to larger quarters during the 1880s, which later became theYonkers Public Library.[37]: 12 TheWoman's Institute of Yonkers, established in 1880 as the Free Circulating Library for Self-Supporting Women, is the city' s oldest social service agency.[38]
Around that time, theAlexander Smith and Sons Carpet Company in the Saw Mill River Valley expanded to 45 buildings, 800 looms, and more than 4,000 workers. It was known as one of the world's premier carpet-producing centers.[39]: 15
During the early 20th century, Yonkers hosted theBrass-Era automakerColt Runabout.[44]: 63 Although the vehicle reportedly ran well, the company went out of business. Yonkers was the headquarters of hat manufacturer Waring Hat Company, which was the largest in the nation when it opened.[45] On January 4, 1940, Yonkers residentEdwin Howard Armstrong transmitted the firstFM radio broadcast on theW2XCR station from the Yonkers home of co-experimenter C. R. Runyon.[46] Yonkers had the longest-runningpirate radio station, which was owned by Allan Weiner and operated during the 1970s and 1980s.[47]
The Alexander Smith Carpet Company, one of the city's largest employers, ceased operations during a June 1954 labor dispute.[33] In 1983, the Otis Elevator factory closed.[48] AKawasaki railcar-assembly plant opened in 1986 in the former Otis plant. With the loss of manufacturing jobs, Yonkers became acommuter town.[49] Some neighborhoods, such asCrestwood andPark Hill, became popular with wealthy New Yorkers who wanted to live outside Manhattan without giving up urban conveniences. Yonkers's transportation infrastructure, which included three commuter railroad lines and five parkways and thruways, made it a desirable city in which to live. A 15-minute drive from Manhattan, it has a number of prewar homes and apartment buildings. Yonkers's manufacturing sector has also revived during the early 21st century.[50] In 2024, Kawasaki rail reached a milestone with its 5,000th railway car.[51]
In 1960, the population of Yonkers was 95.8 percent white and four percent Black.[52] The city developed a national reputation for racial tension during the 1980s and 1990s, based on a long-term battle between the city and theNAACP over the construction of subsidized, low-incomehousing projects. Yonkers planned to use federal funding forurban renewal exclusively downtown; other groups, led by the NAACP, believed that the resulting concentration of low-income housing in traditionally-poor neighborhoods would perpetuate poverty. Although the city had been warned in 1971 by theUnited States Department of Housing and Urban Development about further construction of low-income housing in west Yonkers, it continued to support subsidized housing in this area between 1972 and 1977.[53]
In 1980, the NAACP and the federal government filed suit against the city of Yonkers and its board of education inUnited States v. Yonkers.[54][55] After a 1985 decision and an unsuccessful appeal, Yonkers's schools wereintegrated three years later.[56]: 1 According to a ruling by federal judgeLeonard B. Sand, Yonkers engaged in institutional segregation in housing and educational policies for more than 40 years. He connected the city's opposition to ending racial segregation from its public schools to the unlawful concentration ofpublic housing and discrimination in private housing.[57]
Yonkers gained national and international attention during the summer of 1988, when it backed out of its previous agreement to build municipal public housing in the eastern parts of the city (an agreement it had made in aconsent decree after losing its appeal in 1987). After its reversal, the city was foundin contempt of the federal courts. Sand imposed a fine on Yonkers which began at $100 and doubled every day, capped at $1 million per day by an appeals court,[58] until the city capitulated to the federally-mandated plan. The city remained in contempt of court until September 9, 1988, when its city council relented as the financial impact threatened to close a library and reduce sanitation. The city also considered massivelayoffs, which would have adversely affected its ability to provide services to the upper classes it was trying to retain.[59]Nicholas C. Wasicsko, Yonkers's youngest mayor (elected at age 28), struggled in city politics. He helped end the city's contempt-of-court ruling, but was voted out of office as a result.[60][61] Wasicsko's story, subject of the 2015 miniseriesShow Me a Hero, was adapted from a 1999 nonfiction book of the same name byLisa Belkin.[62] The 2007 documentaryBrick by Brick: A Civil Rights Story also covers racial discrimination and housing segregation in Yonkers.[63]
As a result of the federal lawsuit, Yonkers's public-school enrollment dropped from 54 percent of the city's eligible population to under 30 percent as thousands of white familiesleft the city for its suburbs or enrolled their children in private schools; this effectively gutted the city's middle class and tax base. The school district's estimated cost of integration was over $262 million. Forced to cut programs, Yonkers schools fell steeply in national rankings as test scores sharply declined. By 1995,The New York Times called the city's desegregation effort "a profound disappointment to blacks and whites alike". Michael Sussmann, the NAACP's lawyer during the case, blamed Sand for failing to allocate federal funds to help relieve the cost of integration.[64]
Welcome sign on northbound Riverdale Avenue at the Bronx line (2013)
Areas of Yonkers which bordered similar neighborhoods inRiverdale began seeing an influx ofOrthodox Jews during the 2000s, and the RiverdaleHatzalah volunteer ambulance service began serving neighborhoods in the southwest part of the city.[65] The Sherwood Park Cemetery is a small Jewish cemetery.[66]
Yonkers is considered a City of Seven Hills: Park, Nodine, Ridge, Cross, Locust, Glen, and Church Hills.[88][89] Much of the city developed around theSaw Mill River, which enters Yonkers from the north and flows into the Hudson River atGetty Square.[90] Portions of the river had been buried influmes under parking lots, but have been uncovered (daylighted).[91] Daylighting promotes the restoration of habitat for plants, fish, and other fauna, and helps develop an understanding of where Native Americans camped in spring and summer.[92]
In the2010 census,[99] there were 195,976 people in Yonkers and itspopulation density was 10,827.4 people per square mile (4,180.5 people/km2). There were 80,839 housing units, with an average density of 4,466.2 per square mile (1,724.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 55.8 percentwhite, 18.7 percentAfrican American, 0.7 percentNative American, 5.9 percentAsian, 0.1 percentPacific Islander, 14.7 percent from other races, and 4.1 percent from two or more races.Hispanics orLatinos of any racial background were 34.7 percent of the population.Non-Hispanic whites were 41.4 percent of the population in 2010,[100] down from 89.9 percent in 1970.[52]
Data from the2020 census indicated that Yonkers's population grew by eight percent from 2010 to 2020, an increase from 195,976 to 211,569. Yonkers surpassedRochester as the third-most populous city in New York, behindNew York City andBuffalo.[101] The Hispanic population increased, as the non-Hispanic population decreased to 33 percent from 41.4 percent in 2010.[102] The Hispanic and Latino population increased to 40 percent, and the Asian population increased to 5.9%. The city reported a decrease in its white population from 55.8 to 46.3 percent.[103]
Yonkers city, New York – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Yonkers includes several small residential enclaves and communities which form four quarters, demarcated by theSaw Mill River. There are at least 38 neighborhoods, but many of their original names are rarely used except by older residents and real-estate brokers.[107]
The Blue Cube, a former factory now a television-production facility on the northwest Yonkers waterfront, seen from across the HudsonHoly Trinity Russian Orthodox ChurchRiverdale Avenue, looking north from the Bronx lineMessiah Baptist Church
Northeast Yonkers is a primarilyIrish-American andItalian-American area. House sizes vary, from small houses set close together to larger homes in neighborhoods such as Lawrence Park West and mid-rise apartment buildings along Central Avenue (NY 100). Central Avenue (officially Central Park Avenue) is a shopping area. Notable former residents includeSteven Tyler ofAerosmith, whose childhood home was at 100 Pembrook Drive.[108]
Northwest Yonkers neighborhoods vary, spanning from the Hudson River to theNew York State Thruway (I-87) and from Ashburton Avenue north to theHastings-on-Hudson border. With the Hudson River bordering it on the west, northwest Yonkers has manyVictorian-era homes with panoramic views ofthe Palisades. The Victorian architecture and number of 19th-century estates in northwest Yonkers has attracted filmmakers.[81]
An interest inhistoric preservation has developed, demonstrated on streets such as Shonnard Terrace,Delavan Terrace, and Hudson Terrace. On Delavan Terrace, the 1854 Smith-Collins House was included in a 1983 article inThe New York Times.[112] The house was demolished in 2007, and former city-council president Chuck Lesnick called for legislation which would make the demolition of a 75-year-old landmark in the city subject to the landmark-review process.[113]
The two-block section of Palisade Avenue between Chase and Roberts Avenues in northwest Yonkers is colloquially known as "the north end" or "the end". The only retail area in northwest Yonkers, it was known for itssoda fountain, Urich's Stationery, and Robbins Pharmacy.[115] It was the end of a trolley line that has since been replaced by aBee-line Bus route. Nepperhan Avenue in Nepera Park is a shopping district in the area.[116]
The neighboring Village of Bronxville's 10708 ZIP Code covers the Village of Bronxville proper, plus Chester Heights and other sections of the Town of Eastchester, parts of Tuckahoe, and the Lawrence Park West, Cedar Knolls, Armour Villa, and Sunnyside Park sections of Yonkers. These areas are collectively known as "Bronxville P.O." This brings the ZIP Code's population to 22,411 (2000 census), covering an area more than twice as large as the municipality of Bronxville itself and encompassing several institutions, including Sarah Lawrence College.
Many of the residential properties located within Bronxville PO are within walking distance of Bronxville's downtown, but are officially within the municipal boundaries of the City of Yonkers. As such, residents of these areas do not pay Village of Bronxville property taxes, and cannot take advantage of the Village of Bronxville's nationally-recognized, elite public school system.
These neighborhoods remain popular with families not requiring schooling for children, or who intend to send their children to private schools, such as those in Riverdale, Bronx, or religious schools in Yonkers or Bronxville.
That said, the Yonkers Public school system has demonstrated dramatic improvement in student outcomes over the past two decades, and elementary schools located in Bronxville PO (and the neighboring Tuckahoe PO neighborhood of Yonkers) are more highly rated than many in Yonkers.All said, the greater Bronxville area comprises a larger population of more mixed income residents that is also more ethically and religiously diverse than those living within the Village itself. Many of Bronxville's downtown businesses rely on customers from these nearby neighborhoods, and many Bronxville business owners also live in neighboring Yonkers.
Residents of southeast Yonkers are primarily Irish- and Italian-American. A number of recent immigrants from Ireland live in the area.[117][118] Its architecture more closely resembles that of parts of the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island than of points north. Southeast Yonkers is within walking distance of theWoodlawn andWakefield neighborhoods of the Bronx.[119][120]
Getty Square is Yonkers'sdowntown and itscivic center andcentral business district. Much of southwest Yonkers grew along the railroad and trolley (now bus) lines along South Broadway and in Getty Square which run to New York City. Clusters of apartment buildings surrounded the stations of the Yonkers branch of theNew York and Putnam Railroad and theThird Avenue Railway trolley lines; these buildings are now served by theBee-Line Bus System. The railroad companies built neighborhoods of mixed housing which ranged from apartment buildings to large mansions in areas such asPark Hill, where afunicular accessed the train station in the valley.[125]
Off South Broadway and Yonkers Avenue are residential neighborhoods such as Lowerre, Nodine Hill,Park Hill, and Hudson Park. They have a mixture of architectural styles which include dense clusters of apartment buildings, blocks of stores with apartments above, multifamilyrow houses, anddetached single-family homes.[126] The Ludlow Park, Hudson Park, and Van Cortlandt Crest neighborhoods have a larger number of detached houses.[127]
Southwest Yonkers, traditionally home to African American and white residents, has seen an influx of immigrants from Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South Asia, and the Middle East. Many residents are of African, Caribbean, Italian, Polish, or Mexican descent.[95] Some neighborhoods on theRiverdale border contain an increasing number of Orthodox Jews.[65]
The area is home to historical and educational institutions which includePhilipse Manor Hall, theScience Barge, the Beczak Environmental Education Center, and a 2003Yonkers Public Library building.[128] The revitalization of Getty Square has helped facilitate the growth of southwest Yonkers. During the early 21st century, several luxury apartment buildings were built along the Hudson River. A Victorian-era pier was renovated, and a new public library was housed in the remodeled Otis Elevator factory.Peter X. Kelly's restaurant, X20 Xaviar's on the Hudson, is on the renovated pier.[129] In 2020, several more rental buildings were placed at the river's edge on Alexander Street. Sawyer Place is an 18-story building on the site of the original old mill.[130][131] New proposals and current projects are intended to revitalize downtown Yonkers.[132]
Yonkers City Hall, built between 1907 and 1910, was designed by H. Lansing Quick inBeaux-Arts style.
Phillipse Manor Hall was the site of the first Yonkers Village Hall and City Hall from 1868 toc. 1906.[114] Yonkers is governed by astrong mayor–council system. TheYonkers City Council has seven members: six, elected from each of the six districts, and a president. The mayor and city-council president are elected in a citywide vote. The mayor isDemocratMike Spano, and the council president is Lakisha Collins-Bellamy.[133]
Three library branches are operated by theYonkers Public Library: Crestwood, Riverfront, and Grinton I. Will. The Carnegie Library, funded byAndrew Carnegie, was demolished in May 1982 to make way for the expansion of Nepperhan Avenue as anarterial road.[142][143]: 34
The city's Metro-North train stationYonkers Metro-North platform
Yonkers has the eleventh-highest rate ofpublic-transit ridership among cities in the United States, and 27 percent of the city's households do not own a car.[144] Bus service is provided by the Westchester CountyBee-Line Bus System (the state's second-largest bus system), and theMTA Bus Company has express routes to Manhattan. Yonkers is the top terminus of the Bee-Line Bus service area, which includes Westchester and the northern Bronx, and the Getty Squareintermodal hub serves millions of passengers per year.[145]
The area was served by the commuterNew York and Putnam Railroad from the late 19th century until its closure in 1958. Its right-of-way has been paved and is used as a public park and part of theEmpire State Trail, which spans 750 miles (1,210 km) from New York City toBuffalo andRouses Point viaAlbany.[148] Until December 2009,New York Water Taxi operated aferry service from downtown Yonkers to Manhattan'sFinancial District.[149] From 2018 to 2020, Yonkers had a docklessbikeshare program operated byLimeBike.[150] It has an electric-scooter program which was begun in August 2020 byBird, making Yonkers the first city in New York with such a program.[151]
The main line of the former New York and Putnam Railroad has been converted into theSouth County Trailway, a paved walking and bicycling path. It runs north–south in Yonkers from theHastings-on-Hudson border in the north to the Bronx border in the south atVan Cortlandt Park, where it is known as the Putnam Greenway.[155] TheCroton Aqueduct tunnel has a hard-packed dirt trail, the Old Croton Aqueduct Trailway, running above it for most of its length in Yonkers; a few on-street routes are on the edge of the Getty Square neighborhood.[156]
The city is served by theYonkers Fire Department (YFD), which has 459firefighters under the command of afire commissioner and three deputy chiefs. Founded in 1896, the YFD operates from 14fire stations throughout the city in two battalions commanded by two assistant chiefs for each shift.[157] The department responds to about 16,000 emergency calls annually. In itsfire apparatus fleet, the YFD has 10 engine companies, six ladder companies, one squad (rescue-pumper) company, one rescue company, onefireboat, one air cascade unit, one USAR (urban search and rescue) collapse unit, one foam unit, one hazmat unit, and several special, support, and reserve units.[158]
Yonkers is home to severalbrewing companies, most notably the Simple Motive Brewing Company and Yonkers Brewing Company.[159] The Yonkers Brewing Company opened in 2015 in theYonkers Trolley Barn, a former trolley station which is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places. Before its opening, brewing in the city had been associated with former mobsterDutch Schultz.[160] The Simple Motive Brewing Company opened in theCarpet Mills Art District at the Mills, a 55,000-square-foot (5,100 m2) former warehouse, in 2023 after years of delays.[161][159]
The city had an unemployment rate of 18.7 percent during theCOVID-19 pandemic, with about 17,800 people out of work.[162] The unemployment rate increased to 19.4 percent in July 2020, the highest in Yonkers history. Unemployment was 2.8 percent in April 2023, the lowest in city history.[163]
^abMansuda Arora (October 20, 2020)."Follow the River, Follow the Money: On Development in Yonkers". Chronogram Media.Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. RetrievedAugust 29, 2021.Arts and environmental initiatives have driven a campaign to attract wealthier residents to the riverfront city. It could be a sign of things to come in theHudson Valley.
^Benjamin, Aline (October 30, 1977)."From Rags to Riches in 1686".The New York Times.Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. RetrievedNovember 6, 2023.
^No apparent relation to Colt's Patent Firearms. Clymer, Floyd.Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.63.
^abBrennan, Morgan (March 6, 2012)."What Do Julia Roberts And Beyonce Have In Common? A Castle In Yonkers".Forbes. RetrievedAugust 25, 2024.Charlotte Wagster: "This house is in the north end of Yonkers, surrounded by old Victorians that have been renovated and that neighborhood has seen a total transformation."
^"Best Places to Live: Woodstock Park, Yonkers".Westchester Magazine. September 28, 2017.Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. RetrievedJune 3, 2024.The north end of Palisade Avenue has stores, restaurants, a bar, salons, and more.
^Malone, Michael (February 25, 2016)."Visit Yonkers' McLean Avenue for Irish Fare on St. Patrick's Day".Westchester Magazine.Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. RetrievedNovember 8, 2023.Orla Kelleher: "From Bronx River Road to Conor Park adds up to about a mile. And it's the hub of the Irish community."
^Dunbar, William (1988).Government by Injunction. American economic association. p. 298.Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 4, 2024.
^Yonkers Historical Society (2008).Yonkers. Arcadia Pub. p. 34.ISBN9780738557601.Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. RetrievedDecember 2, 2023.
Allison, Charles Elmer.The History of Yonkers. Westchester County, New York (1896).
Duffy, Jennifer Nugent.Who's Your Paddy?: Racial Expectations and the Struggle for Irish American Identity (NYU Press, 2013), Irish Catholics in Yonkers
Hufeland, Otto.Westchester County During the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (1926)
Madden, Joseph P. ed.A Documentary History of Yonkers, New York: The Unsettled Years, 1853–1860 (Vol. 2. Heritage Books, 1992)
Weigold, Marilyn E.,Yonkers in the Twentieth Century (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014). xvi, 364 pp.
Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.
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