| Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center | |
 The 5 MWe experimental reactor | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 녕변핵시설 |
| Hancha | 寧邊核施設 |
| Revised Romanization | Nyeongbyeon haeksiseol |
| McCune–Reischauer | Nyŏngbyŏn haeksisŏl |
TheNyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center (녕변원자력연구소)[a] isNorth Korea's major nuclear facility, operating its firstnuclear reactors. It is located inNyongbyon County inNorth Pyongan Province, about 100 km north ofPyongyang. The center produced thefissile material for North Korea'ssix nuclear weapon tests from 2006 to 2017, and since 2009 is developing indigenouslight water reactor nuclear power station technology.
The major installations include all aspects of aMagnoxnuclear reactor fuel cycle, based on the use ofnatural uranium fuel:[1]
Magnox spent fuel is not designed for long-term storage as both the casing anduranium metal core react with water; it is designed to be reprocessed within a few years of removal from a reactor.[2] As acarbon dioxide cooled,graphitemoderated Magnox reactor does not require difficult-to-produceenriched uranium fuel or aheavy water moderator it is an attractive choice for a wholly indigenous nuclear reactor development.
The Magnox facilities were disabled in 2007 in accord with thesix-party talks agreement, but following the breakdown of that agreement were partially re-enabled in 2009 to reprocess existing stocks of spent fuel. On 15 September 2015, North Korea announced that the reactor had resumed operation.[3]
The center also has an IRT-2000 pool-typeresearch reactor, supplied by theSoviet Union in 1963, operational since 1965.[4] The reactor fuel is IRT-2M type assemblies of 10%, 36% and 80%enriched uranium.[5][1] As the center has not received fresh fuel since Soviet times, this reactor is now[needs update] (February 2007) only run occasionally for experiments or to produce isotopes, particularlyiodine-131 forthyroid cancerradiation therapy.[6]
In 2009, the building of a small indigenous experimentallight water reactor started. In 2010, auranium enrichment plant began operating.[7]
The Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center site occupies 24.8 square kilometres (9.6 sq mi). It has two sections, the nuclear research section and a larger residential district (sometimes named Bungang or Pun’gangni), separated and surrounded by fencing.[8]
Construction of the 5 MWe experimental reactor began in 1980, and the reactor first wentcritical in 1986.[9] This reactor was an initial small technology proving reactor for a following development program of larger Magnox reactors. Thespent nuclear fuel reprocessing facility appeared to still be under construction in 1992.[9] The 5 MWe experimental reactor operated intermittently until 1994 when it was shut down in accordance with theU.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework. Following the breakdown of the Agreed Framework in 2002, operation restarted in February 2003, creatingplutonium within its fuel load at a rate of about 6 kg per year.[10] The reactor fuel was replaced between April and June 2005. Thespent nuclear fuel has been reprocessed with an estimated yield of about 24 to 42 kg of plutonium metal,[10] some of which was used for thenuclear weapons involved in the2006 and2009 North Korean nuclear tests.[11]
Nyongbyon is also the site of a 50MWe Magnox prototype power reactor, but construction was halted in 1994 about a year from completion in accord with the Agreed Framework, and by 2004 the structures and pipework had deteriorated badly.[12] This construction was being dismantled in 2010.[7]
Another 200 MWe Magnox full-scale power reactor was being constructed atTaechon, 20 km north-west of Nyongbyon, (39°55′41″N125°34′08″E / 39.928°N 125.569°E /39.928; 125.569) until construction was also halted in 1994 in accord with the Agreed Framework. By 2005 reconstruction of this reactor was uneconomic.
The reactor designs were based on declassified information about the BritishMagnox design atCalder Hall and elsewhere, and the spent fuel reprocessing plant on the multi-nationalEuropean Company for the Chemical Processing of Irradiated Fuels (EUROCHEMIC) plant atMol-Dessel in Belgium.[10]
On 13 February 2007, an agreement was reached at theSix party talks thatNorth Korea will shut down and seal the Magnox nuclear reactor and associated facilities and invite backInternational Atomic Energy Agency personnel to conduct all necessary monitoring and verifications.[13] In return for thisNorth Korea will receive emergency energy assistance from the other five parties in the form of 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors arrived at the site on 28 June to discuss verification and monitoring arrangements for the shutdown.[14] This had been delayed from April due to a dispute with the United States overBanco Delta Asia.[15] On 3 June an anonymous South Korean government official indicated that the shutdown may start following the first oil shipment later in the month.[16] On 14 July,Sean McCormack stated that North Korea had told the US that the reactor had been shut down. He added that the US welcomed the news, and was awaiting verification from the IAEA team.[17] The next day, IAEA chiefMohamed ElBaradei announced the UN's confirmation that the reactor had been shut down.[18] On 18 July 2007, the IAEA confirmed that all five nuclear facilities at Nyongbyon had been shut down.[19]
In his Introductory Statement to the IAEA Board of Governors on 2008-03-03, the Director General stated that he could not provide an update on the disabling of the facilities, as it was not undertaken by the IAEA. All fuel rods from the 5 MWe Experimental Nuclear Power Plant and nuclear material generated by the disabling of the Nuclear Fuel Fabrication Plant were under IAEA containment and surveillance.[20]
On 27 June 2008 North Korea destroyed the most visible symbol of its nuclear weapons program – thecooling tower at its main atomic reactor in the complex. The implosion was witnessed by a number of international journalists and diplomats.[21]
The demolition of the 60-foot (18 m)-tall cooling tower, which carried off waste heat to the atmosphere, is a response to U.S. concessions after the North delivered a declaration of its nuclear programs to be dismantled. The United States paid the US$2.5 million demolition fee.[22]
During 2008 tensions resurfaced between North Korea and the U.S. due to disagreements over thesix-party talks disarmament process. On 8 October 2008,IAEA inspectors were forbidden by the North Korean government to conduct further inspections of the site. However two days later the U.S. removed North Korea from the U.S.State Sponsors of Terrorism list and the Nyongbyon deactivation process resumed.[23]
According to the state-run North Korean news agency KCNA website, the DPRK resumed the reprocessing of spent fuel to recover plutonium on 25 April 2009 in response to the UN's condemnation of its recentrocket launch. This material supplemented that used for nuclear weapons testing.[24]
In 2009, North Korea announced its intention to build an indigenous experimentallight water reactor (LWR) and the uranium enrichment technology to provide its nuclear fuel.[25] In 2010, a 2,000gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant to producelow enriched uranium (LEU) fuel began operating, and construction started on the experimental 25 to 30 MWe LWR, with a target operation date for the reactor of 2012.[7]
In November 2011, satellite imagery indicated that the LWR construction was progressing rapidly, with the concrete structures largely completed. The LWR is being built on the site of the demolished cooling tower of the experimental Magnox reactor.[26][27] Following the building of this experimental LWR, North Korea intends to build larger LWRs for electricity generation.[7] Initial estimates were that the reactor would be put into operation in 2013,[28] but the reactor was not externally complete until 2016.[29]
In 2017, several activities were noted involving construction, a dam was built to provide sufficient amount of water for cooling system, a switchyard and connections to transmission line were made along with facilities presumably used for maintenance and repair. Activity that suggests components were being transferred to the building were noted too.[30] In 2018, it was believed that the preliminary testing of the reactor had started and that the reactor would begin to operate 2018 or 2019.[31][32] The reactor is linked to power grid with an expected output is 25 to 30 megawatts, which is enough to supply electricity for about 50,000 inhabitants.[33]
As of May 2024, intermittent cooling water flows indicate pre-operational tests are probably being conducted.[34]
In February 2012, North Korea announced that it would suspend uranium enrichment at Nyongbyon, and not conduct any further tests of nuclear weapons while productive negotiations involving the United States continue. Additionally, North Korea would allow IAEA inspectors to monitor operations at Nyongbyon. The U.S. reaffirmed that it does not have hostile intent toward the DPRK, and is prepared to improve bilateral relationships.[35][36] Nuclear enrichment was presumably resumed following the collapse of the Leap Day Deal.
In March 2013, North Korea announced that they would be restarting operation of the 5 MWe experimental reactor.[37] In order to do so, the disabled secondary cooling system will have to be restored.[38]
On 15 September 2015, North Korea announced that the Yongbyon nuclear site is in full operation, including the 5 MWe experimental reactor.[3] However, satellite imagery in April 2016 suggested it was not operating at a high power level.[39]
Infra-red imagery analysis covering from September 2016 to June 2017 showed that the 5 MWe experimental reactor had either not been operated, or operated at a low-level. The Radiochemical Laboratory had operated intermittently.[40]
During theSeptember 2018 inter-Korean summit, North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un and South Korean leader Moon Jae-In signed the "Pyongyang Joint Declaration of September 2018"[41] The agreement states, among other things, that the North Korean government will only dismantle Nyongbyon if the US would engage in correlative action.[42]
As of January 2019, Nyongbyon's main facilities did not appear to be operating.[43] However, in August 2021, theInternational Atomic Energy Agency reported thatNorth Korea appeared to have restarted the 5 MW reactor.[44]
The Nyongbyon facility was described in 2013[45] as operating the following ten sub-branches:
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help){{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)39°48′00″N125°45′14″E / 39.800°N 125.754°E /39.800; 125.754