| Yokuts | |
|---|---|
| Mariposa | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | San Joaquin Valley,California |
| Ethnicity | Yokuts |
Native speakers | 50 (including semispeakers) (2007)[1] |
Yok-Utian?
| |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yok |
| Glottolog | yoku1255 |
| ELP | Yokuts |
 Pre-contact distribution of the Yokuts language | |
Yokuts, formerly known asMariposa, is anendangered language spoken in the interior of Northern and CentralCalifornia in and around theSan Joaquin Valley by theYokuts people. The speakers of Yokuts were severely affected by disease,missionaries, and theGold Rush. While descendants of Yokuts speakers currently number in the thousands, all constituent dialects apart from Valley Yokuts are nowextinct.
TheYawelmani dialect ofValley Yokuts has been a focus of muchlinguistic research.
The Yokuts language consists of half a dozen primary dialects. An estimated forty linguistically distinct groups existed before Euro-American contact.
Glottolog concludes that these dialects fall into four distinct languages:Palewyami Yokuts,Buena Vista Yokuts,Northern Yokuts,Tule–Kaweah Yokuts.[1]
Almost all Yokuts dialects are extinct, as noted above. Those that are still spoken are endangered.
Until recent years,Choinimni,Wikchamni,Chukchansi,Kechayi,Tachi andYawelmani all had a few fluent speakers and a variable number of partial speakers. Choynimni went extinct in 2017. Wikchamni, Chukchansi, Tachi, and Yawelmani were being taught to at least a few children during the first decade of the 21st century.
Chukchansi is now a written language, with its own alphabet developed on a federal grant. Chukchansi also has a phrase book and dictionary that are partially completed. In May 2012, the Linguistics Department ofFresno State University received a $1 million grant to compile a Chukchansi dictionary and grammar texts,[3] and to "provide support for scholarships, programs, and efforts to assemble native texts and create a curriculum for teaching the language so it can be brought back into social and ritual use."[4]
Yokuts is a key member in the proposedPenutian language stock. Some linguists consider most relationships within Penutian to be undemonstrated (cf. Campbell 1997[5]). Others consider a genetic relationship between Yokuts, Utian, Maiduan, Wintuan, and a number of Oregon languages to be definite (cf. DeLancey and Golla 1997[6]). Regardless of higher-order disagreement, Callaghan (1997) provides strong evidence uniting Yokuts and theUtian languages as branches of aYok-Utian language family.[7]
The term "Delta Yokuts" has recently been introduced in lieu of the longer "Far Northern Valley Yokuts" for the dialect spoken by the people in the present Stockton and Modesto vicinities of San Joaquin and Stanislaus counties, California, prior to their removal to Mission San Jose between 1810 and 1827. Of interest, Delta Yokuts contains a large number of words with no cognates in any of the other dialects, or for that matter in the adjacent Utian languages, although its syntax is typically Northern Valley Yokuts.[8] This anomaly has led Whistler (cited by Golla 2007[9]) to suggest, "The vocabulary distinctive of some of the Delta Yokuts dialects may reflect substratal influence from pre-proto-Yokuts or from an extinct Yok-Utian language." Golla[10] suggests that a "pre-proto-Yokuts" homeland was in the Great Basin, citing a rich plant and animal vocabulary for a dry environment and a close connection between Yokuts basketry styles and those of prehistoric central Nevada.
| Proto-Yokuts | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Yokuts languages |
Proto-Yokuts reconstructions from Whistler and Golla (1986):[2]
| gloss | Proto-Yokuts |
|---|---|
| acorn | *pʰutʰuʂ |
| beaver | *t’ɨːpɨkʰ ~ *ʈ’ɨːpɨkʰ |
| blood | *hɨːpa-ʔ |
| bone | *c’iy |
| child | *witʰip |
| child (diminutive) | *wicʰip |
| coyote | *kʰay’iw |
| eight | *mun’us |
| eye | *sasa-ʔ |
| fingernail | *xiːsix |
| fire | *ʔoʂitʰ |
| fish | *lopʰiʈʰ |
| flea | *p’aːk’il |
| friend | *noːcʰi |
| head louse | *tʰihiʈʰ |
| heart | *ʔuʂik’ |
| horn | *ɨʂɨl’ |
| mountain | *lomitʰ |
| mouth | *sama-ʔ |
| north | *xosim |
| nose | *ʈʰɨŋɨk’ |
| shaman | *ʔaŋʈʰiw |
| skunk | *cʰox |
| sky | *ʈʰipʰin |
| star | *c’ayatas |
| string | *c’ikiy |
| tears | *maŋal |
| three | *ʂoːpʰin |
| two | *poŋiy |
| water | *ʔilik’ |
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