| Yingzao Fashi | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 營造法式 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 营造法式 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Treatise on Architectural Methods or State Building Standards" | ||||||||
| |||||||||
TheYingzao Fashi (Chinese:營造法式;pinyin:yíngzàofǎshì;lit. 'Treatise on Architectural Methods or State Building Standards') is a technical treatise on architecture and craftsmanship written by the ancient Chinese authorLi Jie (李誡; 1065–1110),[1] the Directorate of Buildings and Construction during the midSong Dynasty of China. He revised many older treatises on architecture from 1097 to 1100. By 1100, he had completed his own architectural work, which he presented toEmperor Zhezong of Song.[2][3] The emperor's successor,Emperor Huizong of Song, had the book published in 1103 to provide architectural standards for builders, architects, literatecraftsmen, and the engineering agencies of the central government.[2][3][4] Li Jie was then made the Director of Palace Buildings.[5] Thereafter, Li helped oversee the construction of administrative offices, palace apartments, gates andgate-towers, theancestral temple of the Song Dynasty, along with numerousBuddhist temples.[3]
In 1145, a second edition of Li's book was published by Wang Huan.[4] Between 1222-1233, a third printing was published. This edition, published in Pingjiang (nowSuzhou, Jiangsu), was later handcopied into theYongle Encyclopedia andSiku Quanshu. In addition, a number of handcopied editions were made for private libraries. One of these handcopies of the Pingjiang edition was rediscovered in 1919 and printed as facsimile in 1920.
Some of Li's book used material from preexisting architectural writings, but most of it is documentation of the inherited traditions of craftsmen and architects passed down by word of mouth.[2] Li's book provides a glossary of technical terms that includes mathematical formulae. He incorporatedtopography in his estimations for buildings on various types of sites.[5] He also estimated the monetary costs of hiring laborers of different skill levels and types of expertise in crafts. His estimates take a day's work as their basis and include the materials needed, taking into account the season in which the work was done.[5]
Li's work incorporates building rules and regulations, accounting information, standards for materials used in construction, and the classification of various crafts.[6] The 34 chapters in the book specify in detail the units of measurement, the construction of moats and fortifications, and standards forstonework as well as for greater and lesser woodwork.[7][8] It includes the specifications (and illustrations) for constructing bracketing units with inclined arms and joints for columns and beams,[9] as well as directions forwood carving, turning and drilling, sawing, bamboo work, tiling,wall building,painting and decoration, and the formulas for decorative paints, glazes and various coatings.[7][8] Included are the mixing proportions formortars inmasonry, brickwork andglazed tile.[5][8] The book provides hand-drawn illustrations of all the practices and standards.[7] He outlined structuralcarpentry in great detail, providing standard dimensional measurements for all the components. For instance, Li developed a standard 8-rank grading system for different sizes of timber elements. The system was known as thecai-fen system of units and could be applied to buildings.[10]
Although others were written and compiled beforehand, Li's technical manual onChinese architecture has survived intact and in its entirety.[1]
