Yekaterina Vorontsova Dashkova | |
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.jpg) Portrait byDmitry Levitsky, 1784 | |
| Born | Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova (1743-03-28)28 March 1743 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Died | 15 January 1810(1810-01-15) (aged 66) Moscow, Russia |
| Spouse | Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Dashkov [ru] |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Director ofSaint Petersburg Academy of Sciences | |
| In office 1783–1796 | |
| Monarchs | Catherine II Paul I |
| Preceded by | Sergey Domashnev [ru] |
| Succeeded by | Pavel Bakunin [ru] |
| Chairwoman ofImperial Russian Academy | |
| In office 1783–1796 | |
| Monarchs | Catherine II Paul I |
| Preceded by | office created |
| Succeeded by | Pavel Bakunin |
Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Dashkova[a] (bornCountess Vorontsova;Russian:Екатери́на Рома́новна Да́шкова [Воронцо́ва];[b] 28 March 1743 – 15 January 1810)[note 1][2] was a Russian noblewoman. She was a major figure of theRussian Enlightenment and a close friend of EmpressCatherine the Great.[3] She was part of thecoup d'état that placed Catherine on the throne.
Vorontsova-Dashkova was the first woman in the world to head anational academy of sciences, the first woman in Europe to hold a government office,[4] and the president of theRussian Academy, which she helped found. She also published prolifically, with original and translated works on many subjects,[5] and was invited byBenjamin Franklin to become the first female member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.
Born into an oldHouse of Vorontsov, Countess Yekaterina Romanovna was the daughter of CountRoman Vorontsov (1717–1783), a member of theSenate, and his wife, Marfa Ivanovna Surmina (1718–1745), divorced PrincessDolgorukova. Her uncleMikhail Illarionovich and older brotherAlexander both served as Imperial Chancellor. Her younger brotherSemyon was aRussian ambassador to Great Britain, and a celebratedAnglophile. She had two older sisters: Maria, later Countess Buturlin, who married Count Peter Buturlin, and Elizabeth, who married state advisor Alexander Polyansky. Among her godparents wereEmpress Elizabeth I and Grand Duke Peter Petrovich, laterEmperor Peter III; her mother was a lady-in-waiting and very close friend of the Empress.
When Yekaterina was just 2 years old, Marfa died and Count Roman was an absent father, so the children were sent to different places. Alexander continued to live with their father, but Semyon was raised in the countryside by their grandfather and the three sisters went to live with their uncle Mikhail at the lavish Vorontsov Palace., who provided his nieces with an exceptionally good education and spared no expenses with them.
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Yekaterina learned several languages (Russian, French, Italian and German), studied mathematics at theUniversity of Moscow and read French literature – according to her memoirs, her favourites wereBayle,Montesquieu,Boileau andVoltaire. She also developed an interest in politics at a very young age and was allowed by her uncle to go through his papers, reading diplomatic letters from Russian ambassadors to illustrious foreigners like the Emperor of China (the content of which she describes in her memoirs), which gave her an inside look at how diplomacy worked. She grew up a well-educated, well-read, bright and intelligent girl.
Just like her older sisters, Yekaterina went to live at the Russian court when she became a teenager and, by favour of her godmother Empress Elizabeth I, appointed as one of her maids-of-honour. There, she became acquainted with the Grand DuchessCatherine, 14 years older than her, and the pair bonded over their love of literature, particularly FrenchEnlightenment authors, like Voltaire. She supported the Grand Duchess through her difficult marriage to Grand Duke Peter Petrovich. To Yekaterina's embarrassment, her sister Elizabeth became Peter's mistress.
At 15, she met 22-year-old Second Lieutenant Prince Mikhail Dashkov of the Imperial Guards and the two fell in love. The couple went to live inMoscow and married a year later, in February 1759. She became known asPrincess Vorontsova-Dashkova or simplyPrincess Dashkova. The couple had three children: Anastasia (born in February 1760), Mikhail (born in January 1761) andPavel (born in May 1763). Her son Mikhail died in the autumn of 1762.
The couple was close friends with Grand Duchess Catherine, and disliked the Grand Duke Peter, fearing for the future of Russia under the rule of the pro-Prussia future tsar. In December 1761, Empress Elizabeth became severely ill and died January 5, 1762. Her nephew ascended the throne, began undoing her policies and kept a submissive position towards his idol and Russia's enemy,Frederick the Great, much to the displeasure of his court and military. Yekaterina, along with several nobleman and members of the Imperial Guards, led acoup d'état against him on June 28, 1762, that put his wife on the throne.[citation needed]
She continued to be loyal to the newly crowned Empress Catherine. However, their friendship gave place to a more estranged relationship as Yekaterina often disliked the men the Empress took as lovers, and often resented the grace and devotion shown to them. She was also disappointed when her request to become a colonel of the Imperial Guard was denied. There were also some tensions over whatCatherine the Great called in her letters an exaggerated account of her friend taking the lead part in thecoup d'état. She may have also done this to belittle Yekaterina's resolve and ambition, which made her a potential rival in her eyes, capable of taking her away from the throne as she had been of putting her there.
When Prince Dashkov died in 1764, Yekaterina decided to ask to leave court and was granted permission, starting in 1768 a 14-year-long journey through Europe, where she was welcomed in several courts with respect and admiration.
InParis, she became good friends withDiderot andVoltaire, who admired and respected her. She also metBenjamin Franklin in the French capital on February 3, 1781[6] and the two became close friends, corresponding frequently and showing mutual respect and admiration.
Yekaterina also corresponded withGarrick,Dr. Blair, andPrincipal William Robertson, meeting them during her visit to theUnited Kingdom and entrusting the education of her son Pavel to the latter.[7] She was also friends with English painterGeorgiana Hare-Naylor, daughter ofJonathan Shipley, whom she met in London.
She lived inEdinburgh from December 1776 to June 1779 atPalace of Holyrood, where she was involved and wounded in a sword duel with another lady, and donated a collection of Russian commemorative medals to theUniversity of Edinburgh on the occasion of her son Pavel's graduation from that school.[8]
Having recovered from her duel wound, she traveled toIreland to visit her friend Lady Catherine Hamilton,[9] daughter ofJohn Ryder, the Archbishop of Tuam. She can be seen in a painting byFrancis Wheatley watching from a balcony a review of theDublin Volunteers on November 4, 1779, during her Irish visit.[10]
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At the end of 1782, Yekaterina returned to Russia and was welcomed by the Empress. Her son Pavel had become an adjutant ofGrigory Potyomkin and married a lower-class woman, Anna Alferova, in January 1788, later leaving her for his mistress. Her daughter Anastasia was forced into an arranged marriage, ending in debt and involved in many scandals.[11][12]
In January 1783, the princess was appointed director of theImperial Academy of Arts and Sciences (known now as the Russian Academy of Sciences) byCatherine the Great.[7] She became the first woman in the world to head a national academy of sciences. Famous in her own right as a philologist, she guided the ailing Academy to prominence and intellectual respectability. In October 1783, Yekaterina was also named the first president of the newly createdRussian Academy and launched a project for the creation of a 6-volume dictionary of the Russian Languages in 1789.[7] In 1783, she was the first foreign woman elected an honorary member of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences and was invited by her friendBenjamin Franklin to become the first woman to join theAmerican Philosophical Society in 1789.
When the Empress died in 1796 and her sonEmperor Paul I succeeded her, Yekaterina was sent into exile by the new tsar "to meditate on the events of 1762". Eventually, the exile was ended after a petition of her friends and she was allowed to spend the last years of her life on her rural estate inTroitskoye [ru], west ofMoscow.[7]
In 1803, Catherine Hamilton sent her cousin Martha Wilmot (1775–1873) to visit the princess in Russia; in 1805, Wilmot was joined by her sister Catherine (1773–1824) and the two sisters ended up living with Yekaterina as her companions, editing and translating her memoirs to English (they were originally written in French). Martha was like a daughter to the princess, who even called the Anglo-Irish womanMavra Romanovna as if she had actually adopted her, leaving her a fortune and some material possessions upon her death. Catherine left Russia in 1807 and Martha in October 1808.
Her son Pavel died in January 1807 and bequeathed his fortune to his cousin Ivan Vorontsov.
Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova died in Moscow on 4 January 1810, at 66 years of age.
Besides her work on the 6-volume dictionary of the Russian Languages, Yekaterina edited a monthly magazine, and wrote at least two novels:The Marriage of Fabian and a comedy entitledToissiokoff. TheUniversity of Edinburgh opened in 2010 thePrincess Dashkova Russian Centre in her honor.
Her memoirs were published in French in 1804 (Mon Histoire), then edited and translated to English by Martha Wilmot in 1840 in two volumes (Memoirs of the Princess Daschkaw, written by herself)[13] and the Russian version of her memoirs was translated byAlexander Herzen in 1857.
The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin and the Age of Enlightenment exhibition was held inPhiladelphia,USA from February to December 2006. They met only once, in Paris in 1781. Franklin was 75 and Dashkova was 37. Franklin and Dashkova were both evidently impressed with each other. Franklin invited Dashkova to become the first woman to join theAmerican Philosophical Society in 1789.[14] Later, Dashkova reciprocated by making him the first American member of the Russian Academy. The correspondence between Franklin and Dashkova was the highlight of the exhibition.[15]
Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova was also an accomplished composer.[16][17] She loved to compose her own music and collect and transcribe the folk music of Russia. As a child, she was given art and music lessons but was not able to become a professional musician until later on in life because it was considered to be appropriate for a noble lady. Amateur music concerts were a component in the earlier years of Catherine the Great's reign. At these concerts, Yekaterina would often perform her songs even though her husband and Catherine the Great would make fun of them. Dashkova composed a variety of pieces in a variety of languages throughout her lifetime. For example, she composed arias, songs, spiritual hymns, and folk songs in Russian, English, French and Italian.[18]
Short list of compositions:[17]
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