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Yefim Fyodorovich Karsky (Belarusian:Яўхім Фёдаравіч Карскі,romanized: Jaŭchim Fiodaravič Karski,Russian:Ефим Фёдорович Карский;Russian:Евфимий Феодорович Карский, older name form) (1 January 1861 [O.S. 20 December 1860] – 29 April 1931) was aBelarusian linguist,Slavist,ethnographer, andpaleographer, founder ofBelarusianlinguistics, literary studies andpaleography, a member of numerous scientific institutions, and author of more than 100 works onlinguistics,ethnography,paleography and others.
Karsky was described by his contemporaries as extremely industrious, accurate, self-organized, and reserved in behavior. He was acclaimed as a scientist of the highest integrity.[1] Karsky's input into contemporarySlavistics, especially into theBelarusian branch, was immense. The first significant revisions of Karsky's views on the development of theChurch Slavonic andRussian languages were proposed much later, byViktor Vinogradov. One of the best known works of Karsky isBelarusians.
Yefim Karsky was born in Lasha (inGrodno Governorate, nowGrodno Region), to the family of teacher F. Novitskiy and Orthodox deacon's daughter M. Novitskaya. Initially, he bore the family name of his mother, Novitskiy. With his family, he spent his childhood years inNavahrudak andMinsk regions of Belarus. He studied in Folk School (Russian:народное училище) atYatra, (Navahrudakuyezd) during the 1870s, and in 1874 enrolled in the Minsk Ecclesiastical School, where he joined the Seminary. Around 1881 he became interested in ethnography, and left his ecclesiastical studies to join theNezhin historical-philological institute. His first philological research paper was published in 1883 in theRussian Philological Courier.
Karsky graduated from theNezhin historical-philological institute in 1885 in the field of Russian and Slavonic philology. Observing the absence of scientific analysis of the Belarusian language, he published his first major scientific workReview of Sounds and Forms of Belarusian Language in 1886. Upon his graduation he taught Russian andChurch Slavonic languages and Russian literature at the2nd Vilnius Gymnasium, where he also served as the secretary and as elected member of the Resources Committee. He passed his magisterial examination in 1891, and in 1893 left the Liceum and began teachingRussian language inWarsaw University. During his tenure there he also taught Slavonicpaleography, Russiandialectology, and Church Slavonic grammar. He would defend his magisterial thesisTo the history of sounds and forms of the Belarusian talk atKiev University, which was the first published academicdissertation concerned with theBelarusian language. He would continue his studies of the Belarusian language, and in 1898 he began studying the local dialects of the Belarusian people, both by the literary artifacts and by ethnographic tours to theGrodno,Vil’na,Minsk regions, among others. In 1901 Karsky became an associated member ofSaint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, department of Russian language and literacy.
From 1905 to 1910 Karsky served two terms as therector ofWarsaw University. After the end of his second term in 1910, he refused to remain at the position in protest of the policies of Imperial Minister of EducationLev Kasso. He moved toPetrograd in 1916 and became a member ofSaint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, with specialization in ethnography and linguistics. He taught atPetrograd Imperial University, and was a founder member of theCommission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia. In 1918, forced by the economic ruin inPetrograd fromWorld War I and theOctober Revolution, Karsky moved toMinsk. He was given tenure atMinsk Pedagogical Institute, but was dismissed from his position the following year, shortly before being arrested by theExtraordinary Commission.[2] He was not held for long, and that same year moved back toPetrograd. He resumed his teaching at Petrograd University, staying through its rechristening as Leningrad University in 1924. He also returned to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (at that point the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) where he became Head of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. In 1922 he donated his personal library to the newly createdBelarusian State University. Beginning in 1926 he made scientific visits toPoland,Czechoslovakia, andYugoslavia. His reports from these visits were highly appreciated by the USSR Academy of Sciences, but they began to have political repercussions for him. He began to butt heads with the leadership of the Academy, and in 1927 he became the target of a sharp political critique in the newspapers "Zvyazda" (Myensk) and "Pravda" (Moscow). His membership in the USSR Academy of Sciences was put under question, and despite enjoying a certain amount of political patronage he wasn't given the room in the press to defend himself. In 1929, he was elected for the member of theCzech Academy of Sciences. The following year, however, he was abruptly removed from the position of the Director of thePeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in Leningrad.
For his teaching and research activities, Karsky was given the civil rank of "real state's counselor" (?). He was decorated with orders ofSt. Stanislaus III grade (1889) and II grade (1899),St. Anna III grade (1895) and II grade (1903),St. Vladimir IV grade (1911), various medals. In recognition of his research on the Belarusian ethnography, he was awarded the Great Golden Medal of theRussian Geographical Society (1894), the Golden Medals of Batyushkov of theRussian Academy of Sciences (1898, 1902), Minor Lomonosov Prize of Russian Academy of Sciences (1901), Batyushkov Academical Prize (1910), and Akhmatov Academical Prize (1913).
In 1964, a memorial for Karski was opened at the Lasha School.
Karsky was the author of at least 100 significant scientific works. Some of the major ones are listed below. It is worth noting that in case of the older publications, the actual dates of the publications may be different than the dates on the front pages.
| Preceded by | Director of thePeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography 1921–1930 | Succeeded by |
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