Yale College

Coat of arms of Yale College
Former name	The Collegiate School
Motto	אורים ותמים‎ (Hebrew;ʾÛrîm wə-Tummîm)
Motto in English	Light and truth
Type	Private
Established	1701; 324 years ago (1701)
Parent institution	Yale University
Dean	Pericles Lewis
Undergraduates	6,092 (2020)[1]
Location	New Haven , Connecticut , United States 41°18′42″N72°55′31″W / 41.31167°N 72.92528°W /41.31167; -72.92528
Alumni	75,021[b][2]
Website	yalecollege.yale.edu
[b] The number of living alumni as of the year 2012

Yale College is the undergraduate college ofYale University. Founded in 1701, it is the original school of the university. Although other Yale schools were founded as early as 1810, all of Yale was officially known as Yale College until 1887, when its schools wereconfederated and the institution was renamed Yale University.

Originally established to trainCongregationalist ministers, the college began teaching humanities and natural sciences by the late 18th century. At the same time, students began organizing extracurricular organizations: firstliterary societies, and later publications, sports teams, and singing groups. By the middle of the 19th century, it was the largest college in the United States. In 1847, it was joined by another undergraduate school at Yale, theSheffield Scientific School, which was absorbed into the college in 1956. These merged curricula became the basis of the modern-dayliberal arts curriculum, which requires students to take courses in a broad range of subjects, including foreign language, composition, sciences, and quantitative reasoning, in addition to electing adepartmental major in their sophomore year.

The most distinctive feature of undergraduate life is the school'ssystem of residential colleges, established in 1932, and modeled after the constituent colleges ofEnglish universities. Undergraduates live in these colleges after their freshman year, when most live on the school'sOld Campus.

The Collegiate School was founded in 1701 by a charter drawn by tenCongregationalist ministers led byJames Pierpont and approved by the General Court of theColony of Connecticut. Originally situated inAbraham Pierson's home inKillingworth, Connecticut, the college moved toOld Saybrook, Connecticut in 1703, when Nathaniel Lynde, the first treasurer of Yale, donated land and a building. The college moved again toNew Haven in 1718, and was renamed forElihu Yale, an early benefactor, merchant, and philanthropist. Founded as a school to train ministers, original curriculum included only coursework intheology andsacred languages. Although early faculty, includingJonathan Edwards andElisha Williams, maintained strict Congregational orthodoxy, by the time of theAmerican Revolution subsequent rectors, especiallyEzra Stiles, relaxed the curriculum to include humanities and limited natural science education.^[3]

Scientific courses introduced by chemistBenjamin Silliman in 1801, made the college an early hub of scientific education, a curriculum which was grafted into Yale'sSheffield Scientific School in 1847.^[4] As in many of Yale's sister institutions, debates about the expansiveness of the undergraduate curriculum were waged throughout the early 19th century, with statements like theYale Report of 1828 re-asserting Yale's conservative theological heritage and faculty. Later in the century,William Graham Sumner, the first professor of sociology in the United States, introduced studies in the social sciences. These expanding fields of study were integrated with graduate schools of the university and amalgamated into a course ofliberal arts education, which presaged the advent ofdivisional majors in the twentieth century.

The relaxation of curriculum came with expansion of the extracurriculum. Student literary societies emerged as early as 1750, singing groups and student publications in the early 1800s, fraternities andsecret societies in the mid-nineteenth century, and intercollegiate athletics by the century's end.^[5] Participation and leadership in these groups was an important social signifier and a route to induction into prestigious senior societies. Thus extracurricular participation became central to student life and social advancement, an ethos that became a template for collegiate life across the United States.^[6]

By 1870, Yale was the largest undergraduate institution in the country.^[6] The growth of the student body prompted major growth in the college's physical campus, the greatest expansion of which occurred in 1933, when a gift ofEdward S. Harkness created and endowed eightresidential colleges.^[7] Modeled after the college system ofOxford andCambridge Universities, the colleges were intended to be the social and residential centers of undergraduate life while leaving academic programs under the oversight of university's departments. Two additional colleges were built by 1940, two more (Ezra Stiles College andMorse College) opened in 1962, and two more (Pauli Murray College andBenjamin Franklin College) in 2017.

For most of its history, study at Yale was almost exclusively restricted to whiteProtestant men, often the children of alumni. Documented exceptions to this paradigm include Hawaiian nativeHenry ʻŌpūkahaʻia, who became a student of Yale PresidentTimothy Dwight in 1809, and black abolitionistJames W. C. Pennington, who was allowed to audit theology courses in 1837.^[8][9]Moses Simons, a descendant of a slave-holding South Carolinian family, has been suggested to be the first Jew to graduate from Yale.^[10] Though his maternal ancestry is disputed, he may have also been the first person of African-American descent to graduate from any American college.^[11] In 1854,Yung Wing graduated from the college and became the first student from China to graduate from an American university, and in 1857,Richard Henry Green became the first African-American man to receive a degree from the college.^[12] Until the rediscovery of Green's ethnic descent in 2014, physicistEdward Bouchet, who stayed at Yale to become the first African-American PhD recipient, was believed to also be the first African-American graduate of Yale College.

In the early 20th century, the student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians"—a group later calledWASPs. By the 1970s, it was much more diverse.^[13]

Enrollment at Yale only became competitive in the early 20th century, requiring the college to set up an admissions process. As late as the 1950s, tests and demographic questionnaires for admission to the college worked to exclude non-Christian men, especially Jews, as well as non-white men.^[14] By the mid-1960s, these processes were becoming more meritocratic, allowing for the recruitment of a racially, economically, and geographically diverse student body.^[15][16] This meritocratic transition encouraged the university to establish the firstneed-blind admissions policy in the United States.^[14] After several decades of debate aboutcoeducation, Yale College admitted its first class of women in 1969.^[17]

In recent years, the college has focused on international recruitment, quadrupling the fraction of international students admitted between 1993 and 2013.^[18][19]

Yale College is aconstituent school of Yale University and contains adependent system ofresidential colleges. Its executive officer is the Dean of Yale College, who is appointed to a five-year term by theYale Corporation.^[20] The dean oversees undergraduate academic curriculum, extracurricular activities, and student discipline, but does not have direct control over the residential colleges. The position is currently held byPericles Lewis, professor ofcomparative literature.^[21]

All of the college'sfaculty are members of the Yale Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are thereby jointly affiliated with theGraduate School of Arts and Sciences.Tenured members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences constitute the Board of Permanent Officers, who govern the school's curriculum and programs.^[20] Most undergraduate courses andmajors are offered under the purview ofacademic departments, divisions of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences which offer undergraduate and graduate curricula.^[22] In addition, the faculties of three Yaleprofessional schools, theSchool of Art,School of Architecture andSchool of Forestry & Environmental Studies, also offer undergraduate programs.^[23][24]

Residential colleges, which are funded and controlled by the university, have separate administration and limited self-governance. The Heads of College (before 2016 calledMasters), usually tenured faculty members, are appointed to renewable, five-year terms by the Yale Corporation to oversee the affairs of each college. Residential college deans, who are supervised by the Dean of Yale College, are in charge of undergraduate academic oversight. Each residential college is governed by its Head of College, Dean, and Fellows, and has a college council of students with limited jurisdiction over student affairs. Issues affecting multiple colleges are governed by the Council of the Heads of College, composed of the Heads of College of the fourteen colleges.

The most distinctive feature of Yale College undergraduate life is the residential college system.^[25][26] The system was established in 1933, through a gift by Yale graduateEdward S. Harkness, who admired the college systems atOxford University andCambridge University. Each college consists of dormitory buildings surrounding an enclosed courtyard, and features a dining hall, library, and student facilities ranging fromprinting presses to darkrooms. Each is led by a Head of College, a faculty member who serves as its chief administrator, and a Dean, who oversees student academic affairs. University faculty and distinguished affiliates are associated with the colleges as fellows. Unlike their English forerunners, the colleges do not administer academic degree programs or courses of study, but they do sponsor academic seminars that fall outside the normal departmental structure of the university, and the Heads of College host lectures and teas for the colleges that attract high-profile visitors.^[27]

Harkness' gift built and endowed eight colleges, completed from 1932 to 1934. Additional colleges were opened in 1935 (Timothy Dwight College), 1940 (Silliman College), 1962 (Morse College andEzra Stiles College), and 2017 (Pauli Murray College andBenjamin Franklin College), bringing the present-day number to fourteen. The first ten colleges were designed inCollegiate Gothic andGeorgian Revival styles; the two colleges built in the 1960s areModernist reinventions of the college plan. In 2007, Yale announced the construction of two additional Collegiate Gothic residential colleges nearScience Hill, which opened in 2017.

Residential colleges are named for important figures or places in university history or notable alumni; they are deliberately not named for benefactors.

1. Benjamin Franklin College – named forFounding FatherBenjamin Franklin.
2. Berkeley College – named forGeorge Berkeley (1685–1753), early benefactor of Yale.
3. Branford College – named forBranford, Connecticut, the town in which Yale was founded.
4. Davenport College – named forJohn Davenport, the founder of New Haven. Often called "D'port."
5. Ezra Stiles College – named forEzra Stiles, a president of Yale. Designed byEero Saarinen.
6. Jonathan Edwards College – named for theologian andPrinceton University co-founderJonathan Edwards. Usually called "J.E."
7. Grace Hopper College – named for AdmiralGrace Murray Hopper, Yale Ph.D. and computer pioneer. Until 2017, this college was named forJohn C. Calhoun, Vice President of the United States.
8. Morse College – named forSamuel Morse, inventor ofMorse Code. Also designed byEero Saarinen.
9. Pauli Murray College – named for civil rights activist, legal scholar and religious pioneerPauli Murray.
10. Pierson College – named for Yale's first rector,Abraham Pierson.
11. Saybrook College – named forOld Saybrook, Connecticut, where Yale was briefly located.
12. Silliman College – named for noted scientist and Yale professorBenjamin Silliman. About half of its structures were originally part of theSheffield Scientific School.
13. Timothy Dwight College – named for the two Yale presidents of that name,Timothy Dwight IV andTimothy Dwight V. Usually called "T.D."
14. Trumbull College – named forJonathan Trumbull, 18th-century governor of Connecticut.

Yale College has been called "the epicenter of college singing," both for its long history of singing groups and its centrality in establishingcollegiate a cappella in the United States. The earliest choral group, the Beethoven Society, dates to 1812 and emerged in the mid-nineteenth century as theYale Glee Club.^[28] Althoughglee clubs around the country had spawned small collegiate ensembles since that time, the all-senior, all-maleWhiffenpoofs, formed in 1909, are often considered to be the oldest collegiate a cappella society in the United States.^[29][30] Formalizing a style pioneered by blackbarbershop groups in New Haven, their repertoire was amplified by the founding of similar groups across the country.^[29] Coeducation in 1969 made possible all-women's groups and mixed groups. In all, there are now at least eighteen undergraduate a cappella groups in Yale College, ranging from a Slavic chorus to Christian a cappella.^[31]

Student publications at Yale date back as far as 1806, but the earliest still in print, theYale Literary Magazine, was founded in 1836 and is believed to be the oldest surviving literary review in the United States.^[32][33] Undergraduate publications like theYale Banner, a yearbook, andThe Yale Record, a humor magazine, followed suit, often around the same time similar publications were established at Harvard and Princeton.^[34] TheYale Daily News, established in 1878, was a relative latecomer but became the flagship campus daily, and continues to publish during every weekday of the undergraduate academic term. These publications have been joined by many 20th-century debuts, includingThe Yale Herald andThe New Journal.

In 1832, a rift overPhi Beta Kappa inductions between the college's two debating societies,Linonia andBrothers in Unity, caused seniors to establish the firstsecret society at the university,Skull and Bones.^[35] Skull and Bones "tapped" select juniors for membership as seniors, a ritual later adopted by all undergraduate senior societies. Since then, senior societies have proliferated at Yale, with recent estimates of 41 existing societies and senior class membership ranging from ten to fifty percent of each class.^[36][37][38] Although once carefully guarded, the "secrecy" of these senior societies is dubious; their existence is widely known and membership rolls for most are published yearly. Ten present-day societies—Skull and Bones,Scroll and Key,Book and Snake,Wolf's Head,Elihu,Berzelius,St. Elmo,Manuscript,Shabtai, andMace and Chain—have private buildings near campus; many other societies have a fixed on-campus meeting space where they meet twice a week.^[37] Some of the oldest society buildings are enclosed and windowless; members refer to them as "tombs."

Their activities have varied over time and across societies, but most societies meet for dinners, discussion, drinking, and long-form disclosure of members' life history.^[36][39] Despite a long history of social exclusion—of Jews and women in particular—many of these societies have prioritized membership diversity in the last several decades.^[40][41][42] The semi-secrecy and influential membership of Yale's older senior societies has attracted wide interest and scrutiny, particularly when both2004 U.S. presidential candidates were members of Skull and Bones.^[37][39][43]

• Theanti-Tom novelAunt Phillis's Cabin byMary Henderson Eastman is partially set in Yale College in the 1850s.^[44]
• In the American TV seriesGilmore Girls,Rory Gilmore attends Yale College, choosing it overHarvard.

• Clap, Thomas (1766).The annals or history of Yale-college. John Hotchkiss and B. Mecom. RetrievedMarch 23, 2014.
• Holden, Reuben A. (1967).Yale: A Pictorial History. New Haven: Yale University Press.ISBN 9780300005653.
• Kabaservice, Geoffrey (2004).The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal Establishment. New York: Henry Holt.ISBN 9780805067620.
• Kelley, Brooks Mather (1999).Yale: A History (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.ISBN 9780300078435.
• Pierson, George W. (1952).Yale College, An Educational History (1871–1921). New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Pierson, George W. (1955).Yale: The University College (1921–1937). New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Soares, Joseph (2007).The Power of Privilege: Yale and America's Elite Colleges. Stanford University Press.ISBN 9780804756389.
• Warch, Richard (1973).School of the Prophets: Yale College, 1701–1740. New Haven: Yale University Press.ISBN 9780300016055.
• Welch, Lewis Sheldon;Camp, Walter (1899).Yale, her campus, class-rooms, and athletics. Boston: L. C. Page and Company. RetrievedMarch 23, 2014.

• Official website
• The Yung Wing Project hosts the memoir of the first Chinese-American graduate of an American university (Yale 1854).

• Yale College
• Yale University schools
• Educational institutions established in 1701
• Universities and colleges established in the 18th century
• 1701 establishments in Connecticut

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