Xishuangbanna Prefecture 西双版纳州 ·  Sibsongpanna · Sipsong Panna | |
|---|---|
| Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 西双版纳傣族自治州  | |
 Jinghong City | |
 Location of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan | |
| Coordinates:22°00′N100°48′E / 22.000°N 100.800°E /22.000; 100.800 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Yunnan Province |
| GB/T 2260 CODE[1] | 532800 |
| Admin HQ | Jinghong |
| Admin units | |
| Government | |
| • Type | Autonomous prefecture |
| • CCP Secretary | Zheng Yi |
| • Congress Chairman | Xu Jiafu |
| • Governor | Dao Wen |
| • CPPCC Chairman | Zhang Xing |
| Area | |
• Total | 19,700 km2 (7,600 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
• Total | 1,133,515 |
| • Density | 57.5/km2 (149/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Total | CN¥ 72.1 billion US$ 10.6 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 55,194 US$8,141 |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (Chinese Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 666100[3] |
| Area code | +959[3] |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-YN-28 |
| License Plate Prefix | 云K |
| Website | www |
| "Yunnan Statistics Bureau". Archived fromthe original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved2009-01-29. "Yunnan Portal". | |
| Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 西双版纳傣族自治州 | ||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 西雙版納傣族自治州 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Lao name | |||||||||||||||
| Lao | ແຂວງສິບສອງປັນນາ Khwaeng Sibsongpanna | ||||||||||||||
| Tai Lü name | |||||||||||||||
| Tai Lü | ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷᩈᩬᨦᨻᩢ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ /᧑᧒ᦗᧃᦓᦱ [síp.sɔ́ŋ.pân.nâː] | ||||||||||||||
| Hani name | |||||||||||||||
| Hani | Xisual banaq | ||||||||||||||
| Akha name | |||||||||||||||
| Akha | Sǐsǎwpâna | ||||||||||||||
| Burmese name | |||||||||||||||
| Burmese | လူးဆယ့်နှစ်ပန္နား luu sae nhait pan narr | ||||||||||||||
Xishuangbanna, sometimes shortened toBanna, is one of the eight autonomous prefectures of Yunnan Province. Theautonomous prefecture forDai people is in the extreme south ofYunnan province,China, bordering bothMyanmar andLaos. Xishuangbanna lies at latitude 21°10′-22°40′ and longitude 99°55′-101°50′ east, on the northern edge of the tropics south of theTropic of Cancer. It has an area of 19,124.5 square kilometers, borderingPu'er City to the northeast and northwest, Laos to thesoutheast andMyanmar to the southwest. The border is 966.3 kilometers long, one river connects six countries, and there are four national ports. The prefectural seat isJinghong, the largest settlement in the area and one that straddles theMekong, called the "Lancang River" in Chinese.[4]
This region of China is noted for the distinct culture of its ethnic groups, which is very different from that of theHan Chinese. The people, architecture, language and culture more closely resemble those of theShan,Dai andTai peoples, which includes theThai andLao.
Sibsongpanna (Tai Lue:᧑᧒ᦗᧃᦓᦱ;Thai:สิบสองพันนา,romanized: Sipsong Panna;Lao:ສິບສອງພັນນາ,romanized: Sipsǭng Phannā;Shan:သိပ်းသွင်ပၼ်းၼႃး,romanized: Sípsǎung Pánnáa) is aTai Lü compound consisting ofsipsong (᧑᧒, 'twelve'),pan (ᦗᧃ, 'township') andna (ᦓᦱ, 'rice paddy'). The name refers to the traditional division of themueang into twelve districts, which were calledpanna (lit. 'township rice-fields').[5][6] The etymology is parallel to the autonomous Tai-speaking region inFrench Indochina from 1890 to 1945 that was calledSip Song Chau Tai, meaning 'twelve Tai cantons'. Xishuangbanna was mentioned as ancestral landMöng Ri Möng Ram in Tai-Ahom ManuscriptLit Phi written byAhom descendants ofDai people ofYunnan who later migrated toAssam.[7]
Before 1886, the region was calledChiang Hung, aTai Lue kingdom that was contended between China,Lanna and the Burmese dynasties. After theMongol conquest in 1296, the subsequentMing andQing emperors appointed the Tai Lue rulers of Chiang Hung as a nativeTusi governor.[8] In 1563, KingBayinnaung of Burma'sTaungoo Dynasty captured Chiang Hung. The Burmese and the Chinese agreed on the joint domination over Xishuangbanna, whose ruler was enthroned in a ceremony in which both Burmese and Chinese representatives jointly presided.[9]
In the 19th century, the region briefly became a tributary state ofLuang Prabang and theRattanakosin Kingdom during theBurmese–Siamese War (1849–1855).[10] When theBritish Empire occupiedUpper Burma in 1886, it became a part of theBritish Raj. In 1892, the British transferred Chiang Hung to the Qing dynasty.
In the chaos of theXinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing government in 1911 in favor of a Chinese republican government, a local leader, the Chao Maha of Meng Jie, staged a rebellion against Qing remnant officials. The Yunnan provincial government of the newly establishedRepublic of China sent troops in 1913 to oust the Chao Meng Jie rebels.[11] Ke Shuxun remained in Xishuangbanna to govern with his "13 Principles of Governing the Frontier", which emphasized equality between Han and Dai in areas such as land ownership and taxation; allowed intermarriage between the ethnic groups; and promoted education in secular and technical subjects, rather thanBurmese-based monastic education.[12] TheSecond Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945) saw the heavy bombardment of Xishuangbanna by Japanese troops and a simultaneous influx ofPan-Taiist propaganda from Japan's ally,Thailand. According to Hsieh,[13] that reduced the appeal of a broad pan-Tai identity among the Dai Lue.
During the final phase of theChinese Civil War, many remnants of theKuomintang fled fromChinese Communists forces into Burma'sShan State from Xishuangbanna. The new People's Republic of China sent various non-military expeditions to Xishuangbanna from 1949 to provide services such as schools and hospitals to replace those by western Christian missionaries.[14]
The Communists took control of the prefecture from Kuomintang loyalists in 1952. On January 23, 1953, the PRC established the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Region and ended thenative-chieftain system. That year, the People's Congress of Xishuangbanna created theNew Tai Lue alphabet, based on theTai Tham alphabet, to print material in theTai Lü language.[15]
Xishuangbanna was made an autonomous prefecture in 1955 but lost some territory on the creation ofJingdong Yi Autonomous County andJiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County.[16]Land reform started in earnest in January 1956, destroying the power of the village headmen.[17] State-owned rubber plantations accounted for most of the region's wealth during the early communist period.
Xishuangbanna also received an influx of educated youth during theDown to the Countryside Movement of theCultural Revolution (1966-1976) during which Buddhist temples in Xishuangbanna were used as barns. They were restored to their original purpose only in 1981.[18]
In 1987, the Xishuangbanna government promulgated theLaw of the Xishuangbanna Dai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture for Self-government to bring local laws into line with the nationalLaw of the People's Republic of China for Regional National Autonomy.[19]
Shao Cunxin (召存信, 1922–2015), the former head of the chieftain's outer council (1944–1950) and chief of Meng Peng (1938–1950), was the chief of the autonomous prefecture from 1955 to 1992.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 2000C | 993,397 | — |
| 2010C | 1,133,515 | +14.1% |
| sources:[20] | ||
Xishuangbanna governs onecounty-level city and twocounties.
| Map | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Chinese characters | Pinyin | Population (2000C) | Population (2010C) | Urban Pop (2000C) | Urban Pop (2010C) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Jinghong City | 景洪市 | Jǐnghóng Shì | 443,600 | 519,935 | 138,939 | 205,523 | 7,133 | 73 |
| Menghai County | 勐海县 | Měnghǎi Xiàn | 314,100 | 331,850 | 34,241 | 94,945 | 5,511 | 60 |
| Mengla County | 勐腊县 | Měnglà Xiàn | 235,700 | 281,730 | 55,632 | 84,625 | 7,056 | 40 |
The prefecture has an area of 19,700 km2 (7,600 sq mi). Xishuangbanna is the home of theDai people. The region sits at a lower altitude than most of Yunnan, and has atropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classificationAw).
| Climate data forJinghong | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) | 34.3 (93.7) | 37.5 (99.5) | 41.1 (106.0) | 40.1 (104.2) | 37.7 (99.9) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.8 (96.4) | 35.4 (95.7) | 34.1 (93.4) | 31.8 (89.2) | 30.2 (86.4) | 41.1 (106.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) | 29.5 (85.1) | 31.9 (89.4) | 33.4 (92.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.4 (88.5) | 29.7 (85.5) | 27.5 (81.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 30.2 (86.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.3 (66.7) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.8 (80.2) | 25.0 (77.0) | 22.1 (71.8) | 19.3 (66.7) | 24.4 (75.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) | 12.7 (54.9) | 15.2 (59.4) | 18.6 (65.5) | 21.4 (70.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.1 (71.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 16.6 (61.9) | 13.6 (56.5) | 18.5 (65.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) | 6.6 (43.9) | 6.2 (43.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 16.2 (61.2) | 18.1 (64.6) | 18.9 (66.0) | 19.3 (66.7) | 16.2 (61.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 1.9 (35.4) | 1.9 (35.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 20.3 (0.80) | 9.5 (0.37) | 28.4 (1.12) | 56.3 (2.22) | 130.6 (5.14) | 138.0 (5.43) | 232.4 (9.15) | 217.4 (8.56) | 138.9 (5.47) | 104.4 (4.11) | 41.1 (1.62) | 22.9 (0.90) | 1,140.2 (44.89) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.9 | 2.6 | 4.6 | 9.7 | 16.2 | 19.1 | 22.7 | 21.4 | 15.4 | 11.8 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 135.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 77 | 66 | 65 | 68 | 74 | 79 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 77 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 212.5 | 230.5 | 229.9 | 228.3 | 206.0 | 155.5 | 125.0 | 149.7 | 173.3 | 166.9 | 181.5 | 175.9 | 2,235 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 63 | 71 | 62 | 60 | 50 | 39 | 30 | 38 | 47 | 47 | 55 | 53 | 51 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days, humidity, sunshine 1991–2020)[23][24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[25] | |||||||||||||
Xishuangbanna harbors much of thebiodiversity of Yunnan, which harbors much of the biodiversity of China. Its tropical climate and its remoteness until recent times account for this. In addition to an abundance of plants, Xishuangbanna is home to the last fewAsian elephants still in China; the species roamed over a large part of the country even as late as a few hundred years ago. The elephants are protected in a reserve, but the plant diversity is threatened by, and has for five decades been threatened by, the proliferation ofnatural rubberplantations which completely destroy therainforest and replace it with amonoculture of trees originally fromBrazil.[26]
Passiflora xishuangbannaensis is a recently discoveredpassiflora species that isendemic to Xishuangbanna.
The 2000 national census documented that Xishuangbanna had 993,978 inhabitants with a population density of 50.43 inhabitants per km2. According to the 2000 national census,Dai people make up the plurality at 29.89%, with theHan Chinese coming in at a close second at 29.11%. At the time of the 1977 census, however, Han people made up the largest single ethnic group in Xishuangbanna, making up 36.53% of a population of 627,089, while Dai made up 33.15%, and others 30.32%. The Xishuangbanna government has strived to maintain this ethnic balance of around 33% of each group: Han, Dai, and other; this policy is known as "the plan of three-three-three" (三三三计划;sān-sān-sān jìhuà).[27]
Before the increasing social mobility of the 1940s, inhabitants of Xishuangbanna called each other "basin people" (壩區民族;bàqū mínzú) or "mountain people" (山區民族;shānqū mínzú) in reference to the groups' stereotyped location. The Han and Dai lived mostly around the basins and played a socially dominant role, while the non-Dai ethnic minorities lived in the mountains and were politically disenfranchised.[28] The Dai used to be called theBaiyi (摆夷), and until a 1936 Kuomintang reform, thebai part was written with the dog radical (犭). The PRC government decided that regardless of radical, the termBaiyi is pejorative, and adoptedJud Pai (傣) instead.[29] Historically, some ethnic minorities adapted some Dai characteristics in order to alleviate discrimination and increase their social status, such as theBlang people adopting thesarong, practicingmatrilocal residence, and learning theTai Tham alphabet.[30]
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Dai (Tai Lü, Tai Ya, Tai Nüa,Tai Yuan, Lao) | 296,930 | 29.89% |
| Han Chinese | 289,181 | 29.11% |
| Hani | 186,067 | 18.73% |
| Yi | 55,772 | 5.61% |
| Lahu | 55,548 | 5.59% |
| Blang | 36,453 | 3.67% |
| Jino | 20,199 | 2.03% |
| Yao | 18,679 | 1.88% |
| Miao | 11,037 | 1.11% |
| Bai | 5,931 | 0.6% |
| Jingpo | 5,640 | 0.57% |
| Hui | 3,911 | 0.39% |
| Wa | 3,112 | 0.31% |
| Zhuang | 2,130 | 0.21% |
| Others | 2,807 | 0.3% |
InJinghong City andMenghai County, the two majorHani subgroups are Jiuwei 鸠为 and Jizuo 吉坐.[31] The Jizuo 吉坐 are the largest Hani ethnic subgroup in Jinghong.
The Jiuwei claim to have migrated from Honghe and Mojiang. The Jiuwei live in various villages in Jinghong, including:
There are also ethnic Hani that are locally called Aini 爱尼 living in 7 villages on Nanlin Mountain 南林山 of southwesternJinghong, namely Manbage 曼八阁, Manjinglong 曼景龙, Manjingnan 曼景囡, Mangudu 曼固独, Manbaqi 曼把奇, Manbasan 曼巴伞, and Manjingmai 曼景卖.[32]
Ethnic minority languages spoken in Xishuangbanna include:
Thesix famous tea mountains region (Chinese:六大茶山; pinyin:Liù Dà Chá Shān) located in the prefecture produces some of the most highly regardedPu-erh tea in the 20th century.
Xishuangbanna is rich in nature, historical and cultural resources, noted for its folklore, rain forests, rare plants, and wildlife. Its major tourist attractions include Menglun Tropical Botanical Garden, Manfeilong Pagodas (Tanuozhuanglong), Jingzhen Pavilion, Wild Elephant Gully, Dai people's village at Ganlanba.[citation needed] The Manchunman Buddhist Temple, which has a history of more than 1400 years, is also a very popular tourist attraction. The complex is made up of four parts, the main hall, thesutra collection pavilion, the gold pagoda, and the drum tower. The temple is well known within theSoutheast Asian region and each year attracts Buddhist monks and visitors fromSri Lanka,Thailand,Myanmar andLaos.[33]
The well-known traditional festival is the Dai New Year, known as theWater-Splashing Festival. It lasts for three days from April 13 to 15. Besides the water festival event it also consists of some other events such asdragon boat races, the firing of indigenous missiles, and flying Kongming lamps[34].[citation needed]
Since the opening of theXishuangbanna Gasa International Airport (formerly Jinghong International Airport) in 1990, traveling to Xishuangbanna by air has become more popular and convenient and there are daily flights connecting Xishuangbanna withKunming City. The area also has air connections withDali,Chengdu andBangkok. The Xishuangbanna Airport is 6 km (3.7 mi) south ofJinghong City.
There are also bus routes to places all overYunnan and neighboring provinces.It is 590 kilometers from Kunming to Jinghong. Long-distances buses depart from Kunming South Station and arrive at Jinghong Bus Station, costing CNY 210–250, which is about 8–10 hours duration.[35]
In October 2010, plans were announced for a 530 km (330 mi) railway linking Xishuangbanna toVientiane, Laos;[36] the railway is nowcompleted and in operation.[37] Connections toThailand are also possible.[38]
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