Sinkiang Province 新疆省 | |||||||||||||||
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| 1912–1992 | |||||||||||||||
| Provincial Government Seal: 新疆省政府印  | |||||||||||||||
_Sinkiang.svg) Sinkiang Province (red) in the Republic of China (as claimed) | |||||||||||||||
| Status | Province of theRepublic of China (nominal after 1949) | ||||||||||||||
| Capital | Tihwa | ||||||||||||||
| Capital-in-exile | Taipei | ||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||
• Established | 1912 | ||||||||||||||
| October 13, 1949 | |||||||||||||||
• Provincial government functions removed | January 16, 1992 | ||||||||||||||
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Xinjiang Province (Chinese:新疆省;pinyin:Xīnjiāng Shěng) orSinkiang Province was a province of theRepublic of China (ROC) from 1912 to 1992. Its existence was nominal after the ROC's defeat in theChinese Civil War and the subsequentincorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The provincial government relocated toTaipei and was reorganized as the Sinkiang Provincial Government Office (新疆省政府辦事處), but it was without administrative function. In the PRC, Xinjiang Province was replaced by theXinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in 1955.
The province inherited the borders of the Qing dynasty province, borderingKansu,Tsinghai, theMongol Area,Tibet Area and the countriesSoviet Union, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan. The claimed boundaries of the province included all of today's Xinjiang and parts of Mongolia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.[1]
In 1912, the Qing dynasty was replaced by theRepublic of China. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates,Yang Zengxin, took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year. Through Machiavellian politics and clever balancing of mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang maintained control over Xinjiang until his assassination in 1928 after theNorthern Expedition of theKuomintang.[2]
TheKumul Rebellion and other rebellions arose against his successorJin Shuren in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, involving Uyghurs, other Turkic groups, andHui (Muslim) Chinese. Jin drafted White Russians to crush the revolt. In theKashgar region on November 12, 1933, the short-lived self-proclaimedFirst East Turkistan Republic was declared.[3][4] The HuiKuomintang36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) destroyed the army of the First East Turkestan Republic at theBattle of Kashgar (1934), bringing the Republic to an end. The Soviet Union invaded the province in theSoviet Invasion of Xinjiang. In theXinjiang War (1937), the entire province was brought under the control of northeastManchu warlordSheng Shicai, who ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with close support from theSoviet Union. In 1944, thePresident andPremier of China,Chiang Kai-shek, informed by the Soviets of Sheng's intention to join the Soviet Union, decided to shift him out of Xinjiang toChongqing as the Minister of Agriculture and Forest.[5] More than a decade of Sheng's era had ended. However, a short-lived Soviet-backedSecond East Turkestan Republic was established in that year, which lasted until 1949 in what is nowIli Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay Districts) in northern Xinjiang.
During theIli Rebellion the Soviet Union backed Uyghur separatists to form theEast Turkestan Republic (ETR) in Ili region while the majority of Xinjiang was under the control of theRepublic of China.[3] In 1946, the ROC government and the ETR agreed to establish theCoalition Government of Xinjiang Province, although it collapsed shortly after in 1947. ThePeople's Liberation Armyentered Xinjiang in 1949 and the Kuomintang commanderTao Zhiyue surrendered the province to them.[4] The original provincial government was relocated toTaipei as the Sinkiang Provincial Government Office (新疆省政府辦事處) to symbolize the ROC's claim of sovereignty over the province; it was eventually dissolved in 1992.
| Ethnic group | Estimated population 1933[6] |
|---|---|
| Han Chinese | 202,239 (5.41%) |
| Uyghurs | 2,900,173 (77.75%) |
| Kazakhs | 318,716 (8.55%) |
| Hui | 92,146 (2.47%) |
| Kyrgyz | 65,248 (1.75%) |
| Mongols | 63,018 (1.69%) |
| Taranchis | 41,307 (1.11%) |
| Russians | 13,408 (0.36%) |
| Sibes | 9,203 (0.25%) |
| Tajiks | 8,867 (0.24%) |
| Uzbeks | 7,966 (0.21%) |
| Tatars | 4,601 (0.12%) |
| Solons | 2,489 (0.07%) |
| Manchus | 670 (0.02%) |
| Total | 3,730,051 |
Non-partisan/ unknown Warlords People's Anti-Imperialist Association Kuomintang (Nationalist)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–death) | Term of office | Political Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Yang Zengxin 楊增新 Yáng Zēngxīn (1864–1928) | 1912 | July 7, 1928 | Xinjiang clique |
| Assassinated. | |||||
| 2 |  | Jin Shuren 金樹仁 Jīn Shùrén (1879–1941) | July 7, 1928 | April 12, 1933 | Xinjiang clique |
| Deposed in a coup. | |||||
| 3 |  | Liu Wenlong 劉文龍 Liú Wénlóng (1870–1950) | April 14, 1933 | September 1933 | |
| Removed from office and placed under house arrest bySheng Shicai. | |||||
| – | | Zhu Ruichi 朱瑞墀 Zhū Ruìchí (1862–1934) | September 1933 | March 5, 1934 | |
| Figurehead chairman appointed bySheng Shicai and not recognized by the Central government. Died in office. | |||||
| 4 |  | Li Rong 李溶 Lǐ Róng (1870–1940) | October 1934 | March 21, 1940 | |
| Figurehead chairman. Died in office. | |||||
| 5 |  | Sheng Shicai 盛世才 Shèng Shìcái (1895–1970) | April 4, 1940 | August 29, 1944 | People's Anti-Imperialist Association |
| Kuomintang | |||||
| Recognized by the Central government only as aduban (military governor), Sheng wasde facto ruler of Sinkiang from 1933. In 1940, the Central government recognized him as Provincial chairman. Removed from office. | |||||
| 6 |  | Wu Zhongxin 吳忠信 Wú Zhōngxìn (1884–1959) | August 29, 1944 | March 29, 1946 | Kuomintang |
| Resigned. | |||||
| 7 |  | Zhang Zhizhong 張治中 Zhāng Zhìzhōng (1890–1969) | March 1946 | June 1947 | Kuomintang |
| Removed from office. | |||||
| 8 |  | Masud Sabri 麥斯武德 مەسئۇت سابرى (1887–1952) | June 1947 | January 1949 | Kuomintang |
| First Uighur governor and first non-Han Governor in China during the twentieth century. Appointed during theIli Rebellion. | |||||
| 9 |  | Burhan Shahidi 包爾漢 بۇرھان شەھىدى (1894–1989) | January 1949 | September 26, 1949 | Kuomintang |
| Surrendered to thePeople's Liberation Army. | |||||
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–death) | Term of office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Yulbars Khan 堯樂博士 يۇلبارس خان (1889–1971) | April 11, 1950 | July 27, 1971 | Kuomintang |
| Died in office. | |||||
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–death) | Term of office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | Yao Tao-hung 堯道宏 Yáo Dàohóng (1913–1991) | July 27, 1971 | ? | Kuomintang |
| 2 | | Hou Chi-yu 侯紀峪 Hóu Jìyù | ? | January 16, 1992 | Kuomintang |
| Post abolished. | |||||
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Xinjiang topics | |||||||||||||||
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