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Xi'an JH-7

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Chinese fighter-bomber primarily used in the People's Liberation Army Navy
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  • Xi'an JH-7
  • FBC-1 Flying Leopard
A JH-7A on the runway at Chelyabinsk Shagol Air Base
General information
TypeFighter-bomber
National originChina
ManufacturerXi'an Aircraft Industry Corporation
StatusOperational[1]
Primary usersPeople's Liberation Army Navy
Number built270 (as of 2018)[2]
History
Manufactured1988–2017
Introduction date1992
First flight14 December 1988

TheXi'an JH-7 (simplified Chinese:歼轰-7;traditional Chinese:殲轟-7;pinyin:jiān hōng qī – fighter-bomber;NATO reporting nameFlounder),[3] also known as theFBC-1 (Fighter/Bomber China-1) Flying Leopard, is a Chinesetandem two-seat, twin-enginefighter-bomber in service with thePeople's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF), and thePeople's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).[4] The main contractors areXi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation (XAC) and the 603rd Aircraft Design Institute (later named the First Aircraft Institute ofAVIC-I).

The first JH-7s were delivered to the PLANAF in the mid-1990s forevaluation, with the improved JH-7A entering service in 2004.[5]

Development history

[edit]

A new fighter bomber

[edit]

In the early 1970s, the PLAAF required a new fighter-bomber to replace theHarbin H-5 andNanchang Q-5. A request was duly submitted to theMinistry of Aviation Industry (later renamed to the Aviation Industry Corporation of China), which organized a domestic development program when efforts to secure a joint venture with foreign partners failed. The program was authorized on 19 April 1983 by then-paramount leaderDeng Xiaoping. The program was also aiming to make use of newly imported BritishRolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines at the time.[6]

JH-7

[edit]
Xian JH-7A

The PLANAF required a similar aircraft and the program set out to develop a variant for each set of requirements. The PLAAF variant was conceived as an all-weather, long-range bomber/strike aircraft, with a two-seat, tandem cockpit,electronic countermeasures (ECM), andterrain following capabilities (similar to theGeneral Dynamics F-111). The naval version differed in that it was conceived as a dedicated reconnaissance/strike aircraft. The PLAAF variant was dropped in the early 1980s, with the PLANAF variant becoming the JH-7.

Sixprototypes were built by December 1988, and the PLANAF received 12 to 18 aircraft in the early 1990s for evaluation. The first aircraft used imported Rolls-Royce Spey Mk.202 engines, later replaced by a license-built copy, the WS-9. They were equipped with the Type 243H multifunction radar, which could detect ships at a maximum of 175 kilometres (109 mi), andMiG-21-sized aerial targets at 75 kilometres (47 mi).

The JH-7 was designed as an anti-ship fighter-bomber. As with the later JH-7A, its aerial combat capability was insignificant given the large number of specialist aircraft for that role.

JH-7A

[edit]
JH-7A at theBeijing Military Museum during the "Our troops towards the Sun" exhibition
Two JH-7As at Chelyabinsk Shagol Air Base

When the PLA examined the future role of air forces, it identified a need forprecision air-to-surface capability. An improved JH-7, the JH-7A, was designed to meet this requirement. The JH-7A's general and deputy general designers were Tang Changhong (唐长红) and Wu Jieqin (吴介琴) respectively.

The JH-7A had a lighter and stronger airframe than the JH-7, allowing the newer aircraft to carry a maximum ordnance load of 9,000 kg.[7][8] In PLANAF, this allowed fourYJ-81 anti-ship missiles to be carried, compared to the two on the JH-7.[9]

The JH-7A is equipped with domestic Chinesehelmet mounted sight (HMS) for evaluation, and this HMS currently being tested is developed byXi'an Optronics Group (Xi Guang Ji Tuan 西光集团), a member ofNorthern Electro-Optic Co. Ltd (北方光电股份有限公司), the wholly owned subsidiary ofNorinco, and the HMS on JH-7A was developed from the helicopter HMS manufactured by the same company, thus both share many common components.[10] HMS tested on JH-7A is compatible with air-to-air/surface missiles, and it is also compatible with airborne sensors such as radars and electro-optics so that the sensors are slaved to HMS, enabling the fast tracking and aiming of the weaponry.[11] The cockpit of JH-7A still retains some traditional single function dial indicators, but there are two large colorliquid crystal displaymulti-function displays which can bemonochrome if pilots choose.[12] Other avionic upgrades of JH-7 include:[13] replacing Type 960-2 noise jammer with BM/KJ-8605, replacing Type 265A radar altimeter with Type 271 radar altimeter, fully digitizedfly-by-wireflight control system, and in addition, Type 232H airborne radar is replaced byJL-10A pulse-Doppler radar, enabling JH-7A to firelaser-guided bombs andKh-31Panti-radiation missiles. The existing JH-7s were upgraded with JH-7A electronics. Two additionalhardpoints increased the total to 6 from the original 4, and one-piecewindscreen replaced the original three-piece windscreen.

The JH-7A was the first Chinese aircraft to use paperless design, and the software used wasCATIA V5.[14]

Operational history

[edit]

On its maiden flight on 14 December 1988, while en route back to the airport to land, the engines of the JH-7 prototype suddenly began to vibrate violently. The test pilot Huang Bingxin (黄炳新) decided to make an emergency landing, but as he approached the airport, the vibration was so great that two thirds of the instruments had been shaken off the instrument panel, and all of the connectors of the remaining third still attached to the panel had also been shaken loose, so none of the instruments worked; the pilot nonetheless managed to eventually land the prototype safely.[15]

On 8 June 1991, a JH-7 prototype suddenly began to leak fuel at a high rate. Lu Jun (卢军), a Russian-trained Chinese test pilot, managed to make a safe emergency landing when the fuel reserve had dropped to slightly more than 30 liters. Three years later, on 4 April 1994, a JH-7 prototype crashed during a test flight, killing Lu.[15]

On 19 August 1992, the entire rudder of a JH-7 suddenly fell off at an altitude of 5,000 meters, while carrying four live missiles. Against orders to jettison the missiles and abandon the aircraft, the test pilot decided to attempt an emergency landing. Using mainly differential thrust of the two engines, the test pilot Huang Bingxin (黄炳新) made it back to the airport and attempted to make an emergency landing, but a tire at the starboard side burst on touch down, causing the aircraft to veer off course. Using brakes as control, the test pilot made two attempts before releasing thedrogue parachute to finally stop safely.[15]

The JH-7A entered service with the PLANAF in early 2004, and with the PLAAF by the end of the year.[16]

In 2007 JH-7s went abroad to participate in "Peace Mission" exercises of theShanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). In April 2012, multiple JH-7 aircraft joined a Russia-China joint naval exercise in eastern China. In 2013, JH-7s participated in a Russia–China joint exercise held on Russian territory.[17]

On 14 October 2011, a JH-7 crashed during an exhibition at an air show inShaanxi province, northwest China.[18][19]

On 5 June 2014, a JH-7 crashed during a training mission inYiwu,Zhejiang province.[20]

On 22 December 2014, a JH-7 crashed near the city ofWeinan in Shaanxi province, under unknown circumstances. At least two persons are said to have died in the crash.[21]

On 22 October 2016, a JH-7 crashed inLiuzhou,Guangxi province. According to pictures released on social media, the pilots ejected.[22]

On 12 March 2019, a JH-7 crashed during a training exercise inLedong County,Hainan, killing two pilots on board.[23] The crash of the normally high-altitude-usage, aged aircraft happened during a low-altitude training flight, the pilots gave up an opportunity to eject to avoid densely populated residential area and were killed when trying to avoid a school, they were hailed for their bravery as martyrs by local officials.[24]

On 18 May 2019, a JH-7 crashed inGaocun Town [zh],Weihai City area,Shandong province.[25]

A new variant of the Xian JH-7 fighter-bomber is in service with the PLAAF as of August 2019. The variant is designated JH-7A2 (also spelled JH-7AII).[26]

Operators

[edit]
 People's Republic of China

Variants

[edit]
This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
  • JH-7 – Initial production version of the PLANAF anti-shipping fighter-bomber.
  • JH-7A – Later production utilising composite structure to reduce weight, improved flying control system and improved avionics including the JL10A Shan Ying J-bandpulse-Doppler radar. Weapon loads increased by the addition of two more wing hardpoints and two hardpoints under the intake trunking for mission pods such as targeting pods.
  • JH-7A2 – Improved variant with enhanced air-to-ground munitions and carrying capabilities. The variant was first observed in 2019. The fighter-bomber was official unveiled onZhuhai Airshow in 2021.[28]
  • JH-7E - Possibly export variant, shown at 2018Zhuhai Airshow.[29]
  • FBC-1 Flying Leopard – Export version of the JH-7.
  • FBC-1A Flying Leopard II – Export version of the JH-7A.

Specifications (JH-7A)

[edit]

Data from[citation needed]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 22.32 m (73 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan: 12.8 m (42 ft 0 in)
  • Height: 6.22 m (20 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 42.2 m2 (454 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 14,500 kg (31,967 lb)[30]
  • Max takeoff weight: 28,475 kg (62,777 lb)[31]
  • Powerplant: 2 ×Xian WS-9 Qinlingturbofan engines, 54.29 kN (12,200 lbf) thrust each dry, 91.26 kN (20,520 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,808 km/h (1,123 mph, 976 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.52
  • Combat range: 1,760 km (1,090 mi, 950 nmi) with one in-flight refueling (estimated)
900 km (560 mi; 490 nmi) without refueling (estimated)
  • Service ceiling: 16,000 m (52,000 ft)

Armament

Avionics
JL-10A radar

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]
  1. ^Fisher, Richard (27 May 2015)."ANALYSIS: Can China break the military aircraft engine bottleneck?".FlightGlobal. Archived fromthe original on 30 May 2015.
  2. ^abcBaddeley, Adam (February 2011)."The AMR Regional Air Force Directory 2011"(PDF).Asian Military Review. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved11 July 2011.
  3. ^"British and Russian Technology for the Xian JH-7A FLOUNDER". U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission. Archived fromthe original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved6 April 2007.
  4. ^"Focus Aircraft: Xian JH-7 'Flounder'".International Air Power Review. Vol. 25. AIRtime Publishing. 2008. pp. 52–75.ISSN 1473-9917.
  5. ^"JH-7/A (FBC-1) Fighter-Bomber".SinoDefence.com. 13 April 2006. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved16 January 2007.
  6. ^"JH7 FBC1 fighter bomber and Spey turbofan, Chinese PLAAF".AirForceWorld.com. Archived fromthe original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved12 July 2011.
  7. ^Chang, Andrei (28 December 2007)."Fuel needs limit China's combat ability".UPI Asia.com. Archived fromthe original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved21 March 2010.
  8. ^"Xian JH-7".Aeroflight.co.uk. Archived fromthe original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved21 March 2010.
  9. ^"JH-7A for PLAAF".AirForceWorld.com. 25 March 2011. Archived fromthe original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved25 March 2011.
  10. ^"中国展示最新型战机直升机头盔瞄准具![组图](4)".military.china.com (in Chinese). 13 November 2008. Archived fromthe original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved4 February 2015.
  11. ^"中国展示最新型战机直升机头盔瞄准具![组图](2)".military.china.com (in Chinese). 13 November 2008. Archived fromthe original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved4 February 2015.
  12. ^"严重官泄:歼轰-7A座舱".military.china.com (in Chinese). 15 July 2006. Archived fromthe original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved4 February 2015.
  13. ^JH-7 Avionics.Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved17 November 2011.
  14. ^"歼轰-7诞生记".club.china.com (in Chinese). 23 January 2009. Archived fromthe original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved4 February 2015.
  15. ^abc"JH-7 Accidents".Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved3 January 2008.
  16. ^"JH-7 History".SinoDefence.com. 24 October 2008.Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved27 June 2011.
  17. ^"JH7 / FBC1 Fighter Bomber".AirForceWorld.com. 22 October 2014.Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved23 October 2014.
  18. ^"Lostarmour ID: 20586".
  19. ^"Jet crashes at China air show". BBC News.
  20. ^"Incident Xian JH-7, 05 Jun 2014".
  21. ^"Accident Xian JH-7A, 22 Dec 2014".
  22. ^"Lostarmour ID: 13731".
  23. ^Liu, Zhen (12 March 2019)."Two dead after Chinese navy plane crashes".South China Morning Post.Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved12 March 2019.
  24. ^"海军英雄任永涛魂归故里:为避免群众伤亡 操纵飞机迫降牺牲".
  25. ^"Lostarmour ID: 20585".
  26. ^"Janes | Latest defence and security news".
  27. ^"Chinese fighter crashes at air show". BBC News. 14 October 2011.Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved20 June 2018.
  28. ^"China's Introduces JH-7A2 Fighter Bomber, Updated with Air-to-Ground Weapons".defense world. 5 October 2021.
  29. ^@dafengcao (2 November 2018)."JH-7E" (Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  30. ^CATIC brochure, Zhuhai 1998
  31. ^"FBC-1 Fighter Bomber".CATIC.cn. China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation. Archived fromthe original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved28 April 2012.
  32. ^"PLA Air Force carrying GB100 precision guided bomb in patrol mission". global defense corp. 29 May 2021. Retrieved26 July 2021.
  33. ^"PL-5 Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile".SinoDefence.com. 9 April 2006. Archived fromthe original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved16 January 2007.
  34. ^Hallion, Richard P.; Cliff, Roger; Saunders, Phillip C. (3 October 2012).The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities.ISBN 9780160913860.
  35. ^"YJ-8K (C-801K) Air-Launched Anti-Ship Missile".SinoDefence.com. 9 April 2006. Archived fromthe original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved16 January 2007.
  36. ^"JH-7A KD-88 Air-to-ground Missile".AirForceWorld.com. 25 March 2011. Archived fromthe original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved25 March 2011.
  37. ^"Kh-31P / YJ-91 Anti-Radiation Missile".SinoDefence.com. 1 April 2006. Archived fromthe original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved16 January 2007.

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