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Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, commonly abbreviated outside China asXi Jinping Thought orXi-ism, is a political doctrine created during thegeneral secretaryship ofXi Jinping of theChinese Communist Party (CCP) that combinesChinese Marxism andnational rejuvenation.
In January 2013, Xi's speech at the18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012 were collectively termed "General Secretary Xi Jinping's whole series of important remarks", followed by a campaign within the CCP to study Xi's speeches. These developed into Xi Jinping Thought, which was first officially mentioned at the19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2017, which incorporated it into theConstitution of the Chinese Communist Party. At thefirst session of the 13th National People's Congress on 11 March 2018, the preamble of theConstitution of China wasamended to mention Xi Jinping Thought.
According to the CCP, the Thought "builds on and further enriches" previous party ideologies and has also been called as the "Marxism of contemporaryChina and of the 21st century" and "a new breakthrough in theSinicization of Marxism". It is a component of thetheoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the development ofMarxism–Leninism,Mao Zedong Thought,Deng Xiaoping Theory, theThree Represents and theScientific Outlook on Development. The theory's main elements are summarized in the ten affirmations, the fourteen commitments, and the thirteen areas of achievements.
In official CCP discourse, Xi Jinping Thought is referred to as "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era",[1][2] or Xi Jinping Thought on a specific field, such asXi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy.[3]: 31 The "New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" refers to the historical period of China beginning from 2012 after the18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The CCP says that the new era is "both consistent with and significantly different from the development of the past nearly 40 years ofreform and opening up".[4]
As of at least early 2024, the CCP does not use "Xi Jinping Thought" in official discourses.[3]: 31 In English, "Xi Jinping Thought" is the most common usage, with others including Xi Thought[5][6] and Xiism.[7] Xi Jinping refers to it as the "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era".[8]
"Xi Jinping Thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era" was formally launched at the19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party having gradually been developed since 2012, when Xi becameGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[3]: 21–26 News sources have stated that Xi helped create this ideology together with his close advisor, then director of theCentral Policy Research OfficeWang Huning.[9][10] The first indications of Xi's platform had come out in a speech titled "Some Questions on Maintaining and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" given to the newly elected Central Committee on 5 January 2013, and was later published by Central Documents Press and the journalQiushi.[11][12]
Much of Xi Jinping Thought comes from Xi's 2013 speech delivered at the18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, delivered a month after he became the CCP General Secretary.[12] Beginning his speech, Xi said:
First of all: Socialism with Chinese characteristics is socialism, not any other "ism." The guiding principles ofscientific socialism thus cannot be abandoned. Our Party has always emphasized adherence to the basic principles of scientific socialism, but adapted to the particular conditions of China. This means that socialism with Chinese characteristics issocialism, not some other doctrine... It wasMarxism–Leninism andMao Zedong Thought that guided theChinese people out of thelong night and established aNew China, and it was socialism with Chinese characteristics that led to the rapid development of China.[13]
According to Xi, "the consolidation and development of the socialist system will require its own long period of history... it will require the tireless struggle of generations, up to ten generations."[12] On the relationship withcapitalist nations, Xi said, "Marx andEngels' analysis of the basic contradictions in capitalist society is not outdated, nor is the historical materialist view that capitalism is bound to die out and socialism is bound to win."[12] Xi also stated: "The fundamental reason why some of our comrades have weak ideals and faltering beliefs is that their views lack a firm grounding inhistorical materialism."[14]
Xi showed great interest in why the Soviet Uniondissolved, and how to avoid that failure in China:
Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate? Why did theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union fall from power? An important reason was that the struggle in the field of ideology was extremely intense, completely negating the history of the Soviet Union, negating the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, negatingLenin, negatingStalin, creatinghistorical nihilism and confused thinking. Party organs at all levels had lost their functions, the military was no longer under Party leadership. In the end, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, a great party, was scattered, the Soviet Union, a great socialist country, disintegrated. This is a cautionary tale![11]
In January 2013, Politburo Standing Committee memberLiu Yunshan referred to Xi's speech as the "General Secretary Xi Jinping's whole series of important remarks". This was followed by Organization Department DirectorZhao Leji and CCP General Office DirectorLi Zhanshu ordering provincial and ministerial officials to study Xi's speeches. In November 2013, Liu announced that the Central Party School would launch a training program on General Secretary Xi Jinping's whole series of important remarks; by 2014, seven cohorts of provincial cadres, numbering 2,300, had completed the program. Liu's announcement was followed by a meeting by Li Zhansu regarding the speech for heads of the party units directly under the Central Committee.[3]: 21–26
In June 2014, the Publicity Department publishedA Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Remarks, which the Publicity and Organization Departments ordered to be mandatory, leading party schools and universities to incorporate the book into their curricula. The concepts were further elaborated in Xi'sThe Governance of China book series, published by theForeign Languages Press for an international audience.[3]: 21–26 Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017,[15] followed by volume three in June 2020,[16] followed by volume four in July 2022.[17] Xi has praisedKarl Marx as "the greatest thinker of modern times" whose teachings enlightened theworking classes of the world and has called upon party cadres to adopt Marxist revolutionary principles as a "way of life".[18]
Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the dialectical unity of the theoretical logic of scientific socialism and the historical logic of China’s social development. It is a scientific socialism rooted in China’s soil, one that reflects the aspirations of the Chinese people, and one that is adapted to the conditions of progress in our times.It is the only way to comprehensively build a prosperous society, accelerate socialist modernization and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
At the fourth plenum of the 18th Central Committee in October 2014, CCP members were required to "implement deeply the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's series of important remarks". In October 2015, at the fifth plenum of the 18th Central Committee, Xi introduced "new visions, new thoughts, and new strategies for governing the country and administrating the regime".[3]: 21–26 In February 2016, the Central Committee announced the "Two Studies and One Action" campaign, which asked all CCP members "to study theParty Constitution and rules, and speeches ofXi Jinping, and to become qualified Party members". In February 2017, at a meeting of the CCP General Office, Li Zhanshu Xi's visions, thoughts and strategies "have already preliminarily become a complete theoretical system". In May 2017, Liu Yushan said that General Secretary Xi Jinping's whole series of important remarks were "the latest achievement of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "latest development of Marxism in modern China".[3]: 21–26 The first public usage ofXi Jinping sixiang ("Xi Jinping Thought") came in 2017 whenLiu Mingfu and Wang Zhongyuan published a book by that name.[3]: 25
Xi first used the phrase "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" in his speech delivered on the opening day of the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. ThePolitburo Standing Committee (top decision-making body) then prepended "Xi Jinping" to the phrase, in their review of his speech.[20] The Congress then affirmed Xi's speech as a guiding political and militaryideology of the Chinese Communist Party[20] and approved its incorporation into the constitution of the party,[21][22] with unanimous support in ashow of hands.[23] The incorporation made Xi the third Chinese leader (afterMao Zedong andDeng Xiaoping) to have their names incorporated into the list of fundamental doctrines of the CCP. This demonstrated that Xi was more influential than his two predecessors as General Secretary (Hu Jintao andJiang Zemin). Xi promised to make China strong, propelling the country into a "new era".[24]
At thefirst session of the 13th National People's Congress on 11 March 2018, the preamble of theConstitution of China wasamended to mention Xi Jinping Thought. In September 2018, theTwo Upholds, referring to "resolutely uphold the status of General Party Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of the Party Central and the whole party, as well as the Party Central's authority and centralized and unified leadership", was first put forward.[3]: 29 In 2021, thesixth plenary session of the19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party approved of theResolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century, which declared Xi Jinping Thought "a new breakthrough in theSinicization of Marxism".[25] The document says the Thought is the "Marxism of contemporary China and of the 21st century and embodies the best Chinese culture and ethos of this era".[26] The document also put forward theTwo Establishes, referring to "establish the status of comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the Party Central and the whole party" and "establish the guiding status of Xi Jinping Thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era".[3]: 30
Xi Jinping Thought is a component of thetheoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the thought has been said to be a continuation of previous party ideologues, and it "builds on and further enriches" Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought,Deng Xiaoping Theory, theTheory of Three Represents and theScientific Outlook on Development as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adapted to Chinese conditions".[20] Xi Jinping Thought is summarized into the ten affirmations (十个明确), the fourteen commitments (十四个坚持), and the thirteen areas of achievements (十三个方面成就).[27] Additionally, the six musts (六个必须坚持) are the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought.[28]
During his speech to the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi Jinping introduced the "eight affirmations" (八个明确), which later developed to the "ten affirmations" with the addition of the 7th and 10th points during thesixth plenum of the 19th Central Committee in 2021.[29]
During his speech to the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi Jinping introduced the fourteen commitments. They are:[30][31]
The thirteen achievements was first put forward at theResolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century approved by the sixth plenary session of the 19th CCP Central Committee in 2021. The thirteen achievements are:[32]
The "six musts" were first put forward at the20th CCP National Congress in October 2022.[28] It conveys the methods and worldview of the CCP. It outlines that the CCP:[33]
Xi Jinping Thought is divided into several main components, including:
Xi Jinping Thought seeks to reinvigorate themass line.[3]: 10 In economic matters, Xi Jinping Thought highlights the historical importance ofstate-owned enterprises:[34]: 217
[W]ithout the important material foundation that state-owned enterprises have laid for China's development over a long period of time, without the major innovations and key core technologies achieved by state-owned enterprises, and without state-owned enterprises' long-term commitment to a large number of social responsibilities, there would be no economic independence and national security for China, no continuous improvement in people's lives, and no socialist China standing tall in the East of the world.
Finding cultural expressions for Xi Jinping Thought has been a priority. On 27 November 2017, more than 100 of China's top filmmakers, actors and pop stars were gathered for a day inHangzhou to study the report of the 19th Party Congress featuring Xi Jinping Thought.[35]
Content from Xi's 2017 speech is used in public messages, described as being 'pervasive' by a Beijing correspondent forTheNew York Times.[36] A poster featuring the sloganChinese Dream comes from the speech, where the phrase is used 31 times.[37][38] In July 2018, the carriages of a train inChangchun Rail Transit were decked out in red and dozens of Xi's quotes to celebrate the 97th anniversary of Chinese Communist Party. The train was described as a "highly condensed spiritual manual" of Xi Jinping Thought by the local government.[39] In January 2019,Alibaba Group released an app calledXuexi Qiangguo for studying Xi Jinping Thought.[40] In May 2024, theChina Cyberspace Research Institute, which is under theCyberspace Administration of China, announced alarge language model whosetraining data includes Xi Jinping Thought.[41][42]
On 25 October 2017,Renmin University established a Xi Jinping Thought research center, the first of its kind.[3]: 29 By December 2017, 10 such research centers or institutes were approved and, by March 2018, all were in operation.[3]: 29 Several dozen were opened by the end of 2018, and degree programs and online modules on Xi Jinping Thought were developed.[3]: 29 On 20 July 2020, theChina Institute of International Studies opened theXi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy Studies Center.[43]
Academics such asJiang Shigong went on to write expositions of Xi Jinping Thought.[44] In December 2019,Fudan University added content concerning the inculcation of teachers and students in Xi Jinping Thought into its charter, leading to protests aboutacademic freedom among the students.[45][46] In mid-2021, theMinistry of Education announced that Xi Jinping Thought would be taught to Chinese students beginning at the primary school level as part ofideological and political education, and announced theOutline for the Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era textbook.[47] In August 2023, theIntroduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era was added as a textbook forideological and political education in colleges and universities.[48]
In June 2023, the Institute of China and Contemporary Asia (ICCA) at theRussian Academy of Sciences opened the Modern Ideology of China Research Laboratory, the first research center dedicated to Xi Jinping Thought outside China.[49] The ICCA director Kirill Babaev said that the institute aimed to conduct an "in-depth analysis of the ideas and concepts that make up the foundation of the modern Chinese state" and said that the institute would focus on "five areas of modern Chinese ideology – economic policy, internal policy and lawmaking, foreign policy and international relations, defence and security, and ecology and society".[49]
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)A video circulating this week showed students at Shanghai's Fudan University singing the school song – which extols 'academic independence and freedom of thought' – in an apparent protest. [...] Besides removing 'freedom of thought,' the ministry adds to the charter 'arming the minds of teachers and students with Xi Jinping's new era of socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics.' It also obliges faculty and students to adhere to "core socialist values" and build a 'harmonious' campus environment – a code phrase for the elimination of anti-government sentiment.
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