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Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration 习近平–李克强体制 | |
|---|---|
 5th generation Communist leadership of the People's Republic of China | |
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| Date formed | 15 March 2013 |
| Date dissolved | 11 March 2023 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Xi Jinping |
| Head of government | Li Keqiang |
| Deputy head of government | Cabinet I(2013–2018)
Cabinet II(2018–2023)
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| Member party | Chinese Communist Party Eight minor parties |
| History | |
| Elections | |
| Legislature terms | |
| Predecessor | Hu–Wen Administration |
| Successor | Xi Core Administration[dubious –discuss] |
TheXi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration was the administration of China from 2013 to 2023.Xi Jinping andLi Keqiang succeededHu Jintao andWen Jiabao after the12th National People's Congress.
Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao asgeneral secretary of the Chinese Communist Party andpresident of China, and Li Keqiang replaced Wen Jiabao aspremier of the State Council. The rest of thefifth generation of theCCP leadership includesZhang Dejiang,Yu Zhengsheng,Liu Yunshan,Wang Qishan,Zhang Gaoli,Li Yuanchao,Liu Yandong, andWang Yang.[1]
The Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration ended following the end of Li Keqiang's term of premiership on 11 March 2023.Li Qiang took over the office of premier of China in March 2023 during the first session of the14th National People's Congress.[2]
| Party organs | Head | Deputy | Formation |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Security Commission | Xi Jinping | Li Keqiang Li Zhanshu | January 2014 |
| Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission | Li Keqiang Wang Huning Han Zheng | March 2018 | |
| Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission | Li Keqiang | ||
| Central Foreign Affairs Commission | |||
| Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission | Li Keqiang Wang Huning | ||
| Central Military and Civil Integration Development Commission | January 2017 |
| Office | Officeholder(s) | Tenure |
|---|---|---|
| President | Xi Jinping | 2013– |
| Vice President | Li Yuanchao Wang Qishan | 2013–2018 2018–2023 |
Main articles:12th National People's Congress,13th National People's Congress, andChinese People's Political Consultative Conference
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From 2012 to 2013, China's top leadership transitioned from the "fourth generation" underHu Jintao to the "fifth generation" led byXi Jinping. On 15 November 2012, at the First Plenary Session of the18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang were elected to thePolitburo Standing Committee of the CCP, ranking first and second respectively. Xi succeeded Hu Jintao asGeneral Secretary of the CCP andChairman ofthe Central Military Commission. This pairing was widely regarded as marking the start of theXi–Li Administration.
The 18th Politburo Standing Committee was reduced from nine to seven members. Apart from Xi and Li, the other five members in order of rank wereZhang Dejiang,Yu Zhengsheng,Liu Yunshan,Wang Qishan, andZhang Gaoli.[1] Xi and Li were also the first CCP General Secretary andPremier ofthe State Council, respectively, to have been born after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
On 14 March 2013, at the fourth plenary meeting of theFirst Session of the12th National People's Congress, Xi Jinping was electedPresident of the PRC and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Li Keqiang succeeded Wen Jiabao as Premier of the State Council. In December 2013 and January 2014, Xi and Li assumed the positions of head and deputy head, respectively, of the newly establishedCentral Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms andthe National Security Commission.
At the19th National Congress of the CCP in October 2017, both Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang were re-elected to the Central Committee with full votes,[2] and were subsequently reappointed to the Politburo Standing Committee at the First Plenary Session of the19th Central Committee, maintaining their positions as the top two members in party hierarchy.
At the beginning of their terms, both domestically and internationally, the administration was sometimes referred to as theXi–Li New Policies,[3] analysts observed that Chinese society was approaching a critical historical juncture, and Xi and Li used several high-profile appearances to signal policy priorities and outline reform directions. These included moving away from aGDP-centered development model, reforming institutions to combat corruption, and transitioning from an "economic construction-oriented government" toward a "public service-oriented government". Early in his tenure, Li Keqiang promoted the slogan "Reform is China's greatest dividend (Chinese:改革是中国最大的红利)", giving rise to what has been termed "Likonomics".[4][5][6]
As theanti-corruption campaign advanced, the political influence of Xi Jinping and Wang Qishan increased. Wang served successively as Secretary of theCentral Commission for Discipline Inspection andVice President of the PRC. At theSixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee in October 2016, Xi Jinping was officially recognized as the core of the Party's leadership.[7] His political thought was later codified asXi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.
Meanwhile, with Xi assuming leadership ofthe Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms andthe National Security Commission, his authority expanded into areas previously under the State Council and Premier Li's control.[8] Li Keqiang's power correspondingly narrowed, limited largely to administrative responsibilities. This marked a significant shift in the structure and operation of China's central leadership compared with the previous "Hu–Wen Administration". The Party under Xi's leadership was consolidated into a centralized authority, described by analysts as marking the effective decline ofthe collective leadership system established sinceDeng Xiaoping.[9]
As Xi Jinping's second term as General Secretary progressed, particularly after the outbreak of COVID-19 in mainland China, reports began circulating of disagreements between Xi and Premier Li Keqiang. Some observers interpreted Li's public statements in his capacity as head of the State Council as occasionally diverging from Xi's policy line.[10]
For example, in early 2020, under Xi's "dynamic zero-COVID" policy, Li proposed measures such as promoting the "street vendor economy" to quickly restore economic activity; however, these initiatives were subsequently halted. Certain foreign media, includingRadio France Internationale, portraying him as a cautious bureaucrat or "middle-ranking administrator".[11] Later that year, at a State Council press conference, Li remarked that approximately 600 million low- and middle-income people in China earned around 1,000 RMB per month on average,[12] drawing widespread domestic and international attention. This statement was also seen by some analysts as undermining Xi's poverty alleviation achievements and potentially impacting the goal of building a moderately prosperous society by 2021.[11]
During the August 2020 opening ceremony ofthe BeiDou-3 satellite system, Li reportedly faced an awkward situation in which attendees were not given the opportunity to applaud him, and Xi was described as expressing visible disdain, which some interpreted as a public manifestation of tensions within the leadership.[13]
By 2022, as the strict "dynamic zero-COVID" measures began to affect the economy and public confidence in the government, perceptions of escalating tensions between Xi and Li increased. In the lead-up to the20th National Congress, speculation intensified, including political rumors such as a hypothetical "Xi steps down, Li steps up" scenario.[14]
On 23 October 2022, at theFirst Plenary Session ofthe 20th Central Committee of the CCP, Li Keqiang was succeeded byLi Qiang as the second-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee, immediately after Xi Jinping.
| Preceded by | PRC leadership 5th generation | Succeeded by Xi Jinping Core Administration (2017–present) |
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