TheGuanzhong dialect (simplified Chinese:关中话;traditional Chinese:關中話;pinyin:Guānzhōnghuà) is a dialect ofCentral Plains Mandarin spoken inShaanxi'sGuanzhong region, including the prefecture-level capital city ofXi'an.^[2] Sincethe speech of Xi'an is considered the prototypical Guanzhong speech, the Guanzhong dialect is sometimes referred to asXi'anese (simplified Chinese:陕西话;traditional Chinese:陝西話;pinyin:Shǎnxīhuà orsimplified Chinese:西安话;traditional Chinese:西安話;pinyin:Xī'ānhuà).

The varieties spoken in northern and southern Shaanxi differ from that of Guanzhong, such asthat of Hanzhong, which is aSouthwestern Mandarin lect, more closely related toSichuanese.^[3]

In general, the Guanzhong dialect can be classified into two sub-dialects: the Xifu dialect (西府话;西府話), or the 'dialect of the western prefectures', which is spoken in the west ofXi'an, inBaoji ofShaanxi Province;Tianshui,Qingyang,Pingliang,Longnan ofGansu Province; and south ofGuyuan ofNingxia Province, and the Dongfu dialect (东府话;東府話), or the 'dialect of the eastern prefectures', spoken inXi'an,Weinan,Tongchuan,Xianyang andShangluo ofShaanxi Province.^{[citation needed]}

Due to the prevalence ofStandard Mandarin in urban areas such asXi'an, the younger generations tend to speak Standard Mandarin or Guanzhong-accented Standard Mandarin. Due to the lexical and grammatical similarities between Northern Mandarin varieties, attrition of these dialects is more serious.^{[citation needed]} Authorities have moved in to document the local dialects to preserve them.^[4][5]: 3

Although Xi'an was established by the 11th century BCE,^[6] the modern Mandarin dialect spoken likely has very little relation toZhou,Qin, orHan dynasty speech, as Old Mandarin originated in theYuan dynasty.^[7] A recorded 73.5% of young people in Xi'an city can proficiently utilise the dialect.^[8] The remainder of this article describes the urban variety of Xi'an.

Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and should not be used as a generalization of all of Guanzhong.

Like other Mandarin dialects, Xi'anese is tonal has a strict CGVNsyllable structure. The following is an outline of phonemes as seen in the speech of younger speakers, with romanization adapted fromHanyu Pinyin.^[9]

Older speakers may also have a pair of labiodental affricates/pfpfʰ/.

Some older speakers may have an irregular/ɯ/ rime for some words with the/ɤ/ (e) final.

Erhua in Xi'an's local variety is rhotic. All rimes have the potential to undergo erhua aside from er and/ɯ/. Note that, as perSinological IPA,/r/ refers to an approximant[ɹ~ɻ].^[5][6]

The speech of Xi'an has fourtones and one neutral tone. It also has tone sandhi system.^[6][5]

Like many other Northern Mandarin varieties, the variety lacks achecked tone, and instead distributes it regularly in its other tone categories.

Two syllables with dark level tones spoken in succession results in the prior's tone mutating into 24 /˨˦/.

Two syllables with rising tones spoken in succession or a rising tone followed by a neutral tone results in the prior's tone mutating into 21 /˨˩/.

A departing tone that has an erhua suffix is realised as 53 /˥˧/.

Certain tones, in syllables that are reduplicated and with erhua applied, undergo sandhi on the second syllable. The dark level and rising tones both is realised as 24 /˨˦/ and the departing tone becomes 53 /˥˧/.

Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and is largely irrelevant to other lect areas.

The speech in all districts of Xi'an except forYanliang is often considered part of Xi'an's urban variety. This lect, like other Sinitic languages, shows differences between urban and suburban dialects. Generational differences are also present.^[6]

The varieties in suburban parts of Xi'an have certain phonological differences to that of the urban center.^[6]

The urban alveolar plosives/ttʰ/, when followed by/i/,palatalize in some parts ofBaqiao District.

In Dizhai, the labiodental affricates/pfpfʰ/ are realised as/tsʮtsʰʮ/.

In many parts of suburban Xi'an, the/i/ vowel breaks into/ei/ after labiodental fricatives/fv/.

The speech of the youth shows clear influence fromStandard Mandarin. The two most noticeable differences are as follows:^[6]

Young people's speech merges the labiodental/pfpfʰfv/ initials with the retroflex/tʂtʂʰʂʐ/ series in certain situations.

Young people's speech breaks the/i/ vowel after labiodental fricatives/fv/.

The MuslimHui people differ from the speech of the Han Chinese primarily in terms of vocabulary. These differences can be seen in, for instance, familial terms and terminology from theQur'an.^[6]

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