Pipoidea are aclade of frogs, that contains the most recent common ancestor of livingPipidae andRhinophrynidae as well as all its descendants.[2] It is broadly equivalent toXenoanura.
In 1993 Pipoidea was defined by Ford and Cannatella as anode-based taxon.[2] It has variously been defined as asuborder (original definition),[5]superfamily,[1] or an unranked clade.[2] There is no single, authoritative higher-level classification of frogs, and Vitt and Caldwell (2014) use nameXenoanura for a similar clade, skipping Pipoidea altogether,[6] as did Frostet al. (2006).[4]
The oldest record of the group isRhadinosteus from the Late Jurassic of North America, which is more closely related to Rhinophrynidae than to Pipidae.[7][8] The oldest records of Pipimorpha (which contains all pipoids more closely related to Pipidae than to Rhinophrynidae) areAygroua anoualensis[9][10] from theTithonian orBerriasian,[11]Neusibatrachus andGracilibatrachus from theEarly Cretaceous of Spain,[12] with other records of the group known from Afro-Arabia and South America like modern Pipidae.[13] The extinct pipimorph familyPalaeobatrachidae, particularly the genusPalaeobatrachus were widespread and abundant in Europe during theCenozoic, until their extinction during theMiddle Pleistocene around 500,000 years ago due to being unable to cope with the increasing aridity and freezing temperatures of the ice ages.[14]
Taxonomy after A. M. Aranciaga Rolando et al. 2019[13]
^abFrost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006)."The amphibian tree of life".Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.297:1–291.doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2.hdl:2246/5781.S2CID86140137.
^Frost, Darrel R. (2020)."Anura".Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History.doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved15 May 2020.
^Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014).Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 92–95.
^abRolando, Alexis M. Aranciaga; Agnolin, Federico L.; Corsolini, Julián (October 2019). "A new pipoid frog (Anura, Pipimorpha) from the Paleogene of Patagonia. Paleobiogeographical implications".Comptes Rendus Palevol.18 (7):725–734.doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.04.003.
