| Wozzeck | |
|---|---|
| Opera byAlban Berg | |
 1974 poster ofOldenburgisches Staatstheater | |
| Librettist | Berg |
| Language | German |
| Based on | Woyzeck byGeorg Büchner |
| Premiere | |
Wozzeck (German pronunciation:[ˈvɔtsɛk]) is the firstopera by the Austrian composerAlban Berg. Composed between 1914 and 1922, it premiered in 1925. It is based on the dramaWoyzeck, which German playwrightGeorg Büchner left incomplete at his death. Berg attended the first production in Vienna of Büchner's play on 5 May 1914, and knew at once that he wanted to base an opera on it. (At the time, the play was still known asWozzeck, due to an incorrect transcription byKarl Emil Franzos, who was working from a barely-legible manuscript; the correct title would not emerge until 1921.) From the fragments of unordered scenes left by Büchner, Berg selected 15 to form a compact structure of three acts with five scenes each. He adapted thelibretto himself, retaining "the essential character of the play, with its many short scenes, its abrupt and sometimes brutal language, and its stark, if haunted, realism..."[1]
The plot depicts the everyday lives of soldiers and the townspeople of a rural German-speaking town. Prominent themes ofmilitarism, callousness, social exploitation, and casualsadism are brutally and uncompromisingly presented. Toward the end of act 1, scene 2, the title character (Wozzeck) murmurs, "Still, all is still, as if the world died," with his fellow soldier Andres muttering, "Night! We must get back!" seemingly oblivious to Wozzeck's words. A funeral march begins, only to transform into the upbeat song of the military marching band in the next scene. MusicologistGlenn Watkins considers this "as vivid a projection of impending world doom as any to come out of theGreat War".[2][3]
Berg began writingWozzeck in 1914, shortly before World War I began and delayed his work. He was never stationed on thefront line[4] and sought the rank ofEinjährig-Freiwillige Korporal (lit. 'one-year volunteercorporal'), which he obtained in 1916, for its shorter term of service. His pained determination to complete the opera is documented in letters and notebooks. He wrote his wifeHelene [de], "For months I haven't done any work onWozzeck. Everything suffocated. Buried!"[2]
Berg had more time to work on regiment leave (1917–1918). Much of the opera was composed at the piano in Helene'sTrahütten family cottage duringSommerfrischen.[5] He nurtured his creativity there by reading books, walking through the forests, collecting mushrooms, and admiring the mountains, lakes, and springs—habits of a "love of nature" that Helene identified in Berg's music, including that ofWozzeck.[6]
Berg's experience of the war shaped the opera in many ways.[7] News of the ongoing war troubled him.[8] He wrote Schoenberg of a reportedly "'successful' ruse" in which the sound of a bell, perhaps reminding soldiers of a "past time" or "beloved place", was used to bait and kill them:[9]
[... A] large bell [was] fastened to a tree close to the Russian trenches [and] rung. ... Curious Russian heads [arose] for the fatal bullets. ...horrible. ... [H]ad I been declared fit ... my spirit ... would have broken.
Berg also wrote Helene in 1918 that he identified with Wozzeck:[3]
There is a little bit of me in his character, ... spending these war years just as dependent on people I hate, ... in chains, sick, captive, resigned, ... humiliated.
The war also separated Berg from Schoenberg and their social circles in Vienna, affording him not only solitude, but also independence despite the trying and unusual circumstances.[4] He finished act 1 by summer 1919, act 2 in August 1921, and act 3 over the next two months.[1] Finalizing orchestration over the following six months, he completedWozzeck in April 1922.
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 14 December 1925 Conductor:Erich Kleiber |
|---|---|---|
| Wozzeck | baritone | Leo Schützendorf |
| Marie,his common-law wife | soprano | Sigrid Johanson |
| Marie's son | treble | Ruth Iris Witting |
| Captain | buffotenor | Waldemar Henke |
| Doctor | buffobass | Martin Abendroth |
| Drum Major | heldentenor | Fritz Soot |
| Andres,Wozzeck's friend | lyric tenor | Gerhard Witting |
| Margret,Marie's neighbor | contralto | Jessika Koettrik |
| First Apprentice | deep bass | Ernst Osterkamp |
| Second Apprentice | high baritone | Alfred Borchardt |
| Madman | high tenor | Marcel Noé |
| A Soldier | baritone | Leonhard Kern |
| Soldiers, apprentices, women, children | ||
Scene 1 (Suite)
Wozzeck shaves the Captain, who lectures him on the qualities of a "decent man" and taunts him for living an immoral life. Wozzeck dutifully replies,"Jawohl, HerrHauptmann" ("Yes sir, Captain") to these repeated insults. When the Captain scorns Wozzeck's having a child "without the blessing of the Church", Wozzeck argues that poverty makes virtue difficult and quotesMark 10:14,"Lasset die Kleinen zu mir kommen" ("Allow the little children to come to me"). Confused, the Captain asks for clarification. Wozzeck grows agitated as he explains, crying out that if the poor ever "got to Heaven, we'd all have to manufacture thunder!" to tumultuous, crackling music. The Captain abruptly tries to calm Wozzeck, conceding that he is "a decent man, only you think too much!" The tired Captain exits.
Scene 2 (Rhapsody and Hunting Song)
Wozzeck and Andres cut sticks at sunset. Andres sings a hunting song. Wozzeck experiences frightening visions and grows agitated. Andres tries to calm him.
Marie admires a military parade when Margret mocks her for her interest in the soldiers. Marie shuts the window. She sings a self-soothinglullaby to her son. Wozzeck arrives, sharing his troubling visions. He leaves without even seeing their child, much to Marie's dismay. She laments their poverty.
Scene 4 (Passacaglia)
The Doctor scolds Wozzeck for not following his strict orders, involving a restrictive diet and urine collection. He is delighted when Wozzeck's mental illness becomes apparent.
Scene 5 (Rondo)
Marie admires the Drum Major from her doorway. He makes advances, which she first rejects but then accepts after a short struggle.
Scene 1 (Sonata-Allegro)
Marie admires her earrings, a gift from the Drum Major. She bids her son to sleep. Wozzeck arrives, startling her. He asks about the earrings, and she claims she found them. He doubts that, but gives her money and leaves. Marie is wracked with guilt.
Scene 2 (Fantasia andFugue on Three Themes)
Echoing the opening scene, the Captain urges the Doctor to slow down as they pass. The Doctor taunts the Captain with a list of frightening diagnoses for his ailments. As Wozzeck passes, they hint that Marie is unfaithful to him.
Scene 3 (Largo)
Wozzeck confronts Marie. She does not deny it. Enraged, he nearly strikes her. She stops him. "Better a knife in my belly than your hands on me," she says. Wozzeck repeats this after her, considering it.
Scene 4 (Scherzo)
Wozzeck spots Marie out dancing with the Drum Major. While soldiers sing a hunter's chorus, Andres notices Wozzeck sitting alone and asks why. An Apprentice is drunkenly preaching when an Idiot stumbles toward Wozzeck, crying,"Lustig, ... aber es riecht ... Ich riech Blut!" ("Joyful, ... but it reeks ... I smell blood!")
Scene 5 (Rondo)
In the barracks at night, Wozzeck cannot sleep without thinking about Marie, disturbing Andres. Wozzeck prays while everyone snores. The Drum Major enters and beats Wozzeck, who is humiliated. Some watch. Wozzeck dissociates.
Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme)
In her room at night, Marie reads from the Bible, crying out for mercy.
Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B))
Wozzeck and Marie walk along a pond in the forest. Wozzeck grabs her when she tries to flee. He stabs her, declaring that if he can't have her, no one else can. A blood-red moon rises.
Scene 3 (Invention on a Rhythm)
In a tavern, Wozzeck dances with Margret. He pulls her onto his lap, insults her, and demands that she sing. As she does, people notice blood on Wozzeck. They raise alarm. Agitated and terrified, Wozzeck flees.
Scene 4 (Invention on aHexachord)
Wozzeck tries to retrieve the knife from the pond. Hallucinating, he speaks to Marie. He has paranoid delusions about the blood-red moon telling the world about his crime. He becomes frantic and drowns in what he imagines is blood. Nearby, the Captain and Doctor are enjoying a slow walk. They shudder at the sound of someone drowning and quickly leave.
Interlude (Invention on aKey (D minor))
This interlude leads to the finale.
Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Notemoto perpetuo,quasitoccata)
The next morning, children play and sing in the sunny street outside Marie's door. News spreads that she is dead. They all run off to see the body. Marie's son is unaffected by the news, even after it is shouted at him. After some delay, he follows the others, oblivious.
A typical performance of the work takes slightly over an hour and a half.
Wozzeck uses a fairly large orchestra and has three onstage ensembles in addition to the pit orchestra (a marching band in act 1, scene 3; a chamber orchestra in act 2, scene 3; and a tavern band in act 2, scene 4; an upright piano is also played in act 3, scene 3). The instrumentation is:[10]
|
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Marching band (act 1, scene 3):
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Berg notes that marching band members may be taken from the pit orchestra, indicating exactly where the players can leave with a footnote near the end of act 1, scene 2.
Tavern band (act 2, scene 4):
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In addition, for the Tavern scene in act 3, scene 3, Berg calls for an out-of-tuneupright piano.
Chamber orchestra (act 2, scene 3):
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The instrumentation matches that ofSchoenberg'sChamber Symphony No. 1.
Berg decided not to use classic operatic forms such asaria ortrio. Instead, each scene is given its own inner coherence by the use of forms more commonly associated with abstract instrumental music. The second scene of act 2 (during which the Doctor and Captain taunt Wozzeck about Marie's infidelity), for instance, consists of aprelude and triplefugue. The fourth scene of act 1, focusing on Wozzeck and the Doctor, is apassacaglia.
The scenes of the third act move beyond these structures and adopt novel strategies. Each scene is a set of variations, but not necessarily on a melody. Thus, scene two is a variation on a single note, B♮, which is heard continuously in the scene, and the only note heard in the powerful orchestral crescendos at the end of act 3, scene 2. Scene 3 is a variation on a rhythmic pattern, with every major thematic element constructed around this pattern. Scene 4 is a variation on a chord, used exclusively for the whole scene. The following orchestral interlude is a freely composed passage firmly grounded in D minor. Finally, the last scene is amoto perpetuo, a variation on a single rhythm (thequaver).
The table below summarizes the dramatic action and forms as prepared byFritz Mahler.[11]
| Drama | Music | |
|---|---|---|
| Expositions | Act 1 | Five character pieces |
| Wozzeck and the Captain | Scene 1 | Suite |
| Wozzeck and Andres | Scene 2 | Rhapsody |
| Wozzeck and Marie | Scene 3 | Military March andLullaby |
| Wozzeck and the Doctor | Scene 4 | Passacaglia |
| Marie and the Drum Major | Scene 5 | Andante affettuoso (quasiRondo) |
| Dramatic development | Act 2 | Symphony in five movements |
| Marie and her child, later Wozzeck | Scene 1 | Sonata movement |
| The Captain and the Doctor, later Wozzeck | Scene 2 | Fantasia andfugue |
| Marie and Wozzeck | Scene 3 | Largo |
| Garden of a tavern | Scene 4 | Scherzo |
| Guard room in the barracks | Scene 5 | Rondo con introduzione |
| Catastrophe and epilogue | Act 3 | Six inventions |
| Marie and her child | Scene 1 | Invention on a theme |
| Marie and Wozzeck | Scene 2 | Invention on a note (B♮) |
| Tavern | Scene 3 | Invention on a rhythm |
| Death of Wozzeck | Scene 4 | Invention on ahexachord |
| Interlude | Invention on akey (D minor) | |
| Children playing | Scene 5 | Invention on a regularquaver movement |
The opera uses a variety of musical techniques to create unity and coherence. The first isleitmotifs. As with most examples of this method, each leitmotif is used in a much subtler manner than being directly attached to a character or object. Still, motifs for the Captain, the Doctor and the Drum Major are very prominent. Wozzeck is clearly associated with two motifs, one often heard as he rushes on or off stage, the other more languidly expressing his misery and helplessness in the face of the pressures he experiences. Marie is accompanied by motifs that express her sensuality, as when she accepts a pair of earrings from the Drum Major. A motif not linked to a physical object is the pair of chords that close each act, used in an oscillating repetition until they almost blur into one another.
The most significant is the "anguish" motif first sung by Wozzeck in the first scene with the Captain, to the words"Wir arme Leut" ("we poor folks"). Tracing out a minor chord with addedmajor seventh, it is frequently heard as the signal of the characters' inability to transcend their situation.
Berg also reuses motifs from set pieces heard earlier in the opera to give insight into characters' thoughts. For example, the reappearance of military band music in the last scene of act 1 informs the audience that Marie is musing on the Drum Major's attractiveness.
An almost imperceptible leitmotif is the single pitch B, symbolizing the murder. It is first heardpp at the very end of act 2, after Wozzeck's humiliation, after his words "Einer nach dem andern" ("one after another"), and grows increasingly insistent during the murder scene, with Marie's last cry for help a two-octave jump fromB5 to B3, until after the murder, when the whole orchestra explodes through a prolonged crescendo on this note, first inunison on B3, then spread across the whole range of the orchestra in octaves.
Berg'sexpressionist music emphasized Wozzeck's and other characters' emotions and thought processes, particularly Wozzeck's madness and alienation. Thoughatonal, it was not always without conventionalfunction in itsvoice leading, extendedtonicizations, or arguablytonal passages. He usedpitch andharmony among elements of the music's formal structure to portray the drama. Somepitch sets recur at crucial moments, establishing continuity and contributing to coherence. B–Ftritonaldyads represent Wozzeck and Marie, tense and struggling. B♭–D♭minor-third dyads represent Marie's bond with her child.
Berg adapted some of his tonaljuvenilia for use inWozzeck. In Marie's Bible scene, he reworked an early sonata fragment inF minor, which Christopher Hailey described asSchumannesque in its abiding melancholy.[12] In anadagio interlude adapted from aMahlerian student piece inD minor, Berg brings the opera to a climax with adominant-functioningaggregate sonority markedff, whichcrescendos into a potent statement of the "anguish" leitmotif (act 3, mm. 364–365). The dramatic effect is cathartic after Wozzeck's finalmad scene"Wo ist das Messer?"[13][a] Then Wozzeck's and Marie's unnamed orphan son plays among children singing"Ringel, Ringel, Rosenkranz, Ringelreih'n!" in a brief epilogue. They are interrupted by the news that a peer shouts at him:"Du! Dein Mutter ist tot!"[b]
Berg's notes and sketches forWozzeck (and for the March from hisThree Orchestral Pieces, 1913–1915) were mingled with disjointed fragments of military ordinances and terminology. In a draft page of the act 1, scene 2 libretto, he sketched Austrian armybugle calls. He modified them in the final score, where they appeared in a recognizably atonal form. He also included modified folk elements, particularly in the open field and tavern scenes. Berg's war experience also informed hisword painting of snoring soldiers in barracks (act 2, scene 5): "this polyphonic breathing, gasping, and groaning is the most peculiar chorus I've ever heard. It is like some primeval music that wells up from the abysses of the soul".[14]
Wozzeck is one of the most famous 20th-centurymodernist operas.John Deathridge called it "one of the undisputed masterpieces of modern opera".[15] It has also been compared to Schoenberg'sErwartung in its dissonant, psychological idiom.[16] The inner turmoil and self-destructive trajectory of its outcastantihero[7] has also prompted comparison to other major operas with similar male title roles, including Verdi'sMacbeth andNabucco, Mussorgsky'sBoris Godunov, and Britten'sPeter Grimes.[17][c]
Wozzeck comes from the same expressionist milieu, with its origins insymbolism,[d] as novelistFranz Kafka, paintersOskar Kokoschka[e] andEmil Nolde, and poetsGottfried Benn,Rainier Maria Rilke,[f] andFranz Werfel.[30] InGerman opera, Strauss'sElektra is an early example, followed by Schoenberg's more radicalErwartung andDie glückliche Hand.[31] Among the operas premiered within a year ofWozzeck were Hindemith'sCardillac, Krenek'sZwingburg andSprung, and Weill'sProtagonist.[32]
Schoenberg and Webern influenced Berg most, but his operas show other influences, David Schroeder suggests, emphasizingViennese coffee house culture as facilitating Berg's early contact with a mix of innovative personalities across disciplines.[33] Among these were more popular composers likeFranz Lehár andOscar Straus, orErich Korngold and Strauss at establishments like theCafé Museum.[33] John L. Stewart suggests thatWozzeck was influenced not only by Schoenberg'sErwartung but also by Schreker'sDer ferne Klang, the piano-vocal score of which Berg prepared in 1911.[34] Schroeder agrees, cautioning that Berg thought less of Schreker than he did of Mahler, Schoenberg, or himself,[g] and that Schreker's operas were moreWagnerian.[35]
In his 1929 lecture onWozzeck, Berg said he rejected "the Wagnerian recipe of 'through-composing'" in opting for traditional forms.[36] At the time, this prompted comparisons to Busoni'sDoktor Faust and Hindemith'sCardillac.[37] Deathridge and Hailey wrote that the intense emotional depth of Berg's music still linked it to (post-)WagnerianMusikdrama.[38] Hailey contended that Berg always highlighted this formal approach partly to subvert his reputation for quasi-Romanticism.[37][h] Werfel, perhaps the Bergs' closest literary friend, disparaged Wagner's "bloated excess" and "garrulous monotony" in favor of Verdi, and may have influenced Berg's 1920s opinion of Wagner as "antiquated".[39]
The much delayed discovery and staging of Büchner's incompleteWoyzeck inspired not only Berg, but alsoManfred Gurlitt.[40] Premiered only four months after Berg's,[41] Gurlitt's opera was also entitledWozzeck and published byUniversal Edition, discomfiting Berg.[40] They worked without any knowledge of one another.[41]
When Berg examined Gurlitt'spiano-vocal score, he considered it "not bad or unoriginal", but a weak "broth ... even forarme Leut (poor folks)".[40] Hailey agreed, noting its simplermusical textures and describing itspolystylism as closer to Hindemith or Weill.[40] Hailey praised Gurlitt's more frequent, socially oriented use of chorus, and wrote that Gurlitt's approach may have been more faithful to Büchner's original conception.[40] Gurlitt's work has remained in the shadow of Berg's.[41]
The 1924 Frankfurt premiere of the Three Fragments fromWozzeck at the annualAllgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein (ADMV) festival, along with Webern's premiere of thePraeludium andReigen from the Three Orchestral Pieces during an Austrian Music Week in 1923 Berlin, initiated Berg's regional reputation as a considerable figure in music.[37]
Erich Kleiber conducted the world premiere of the entire work at theBerlin State Opera on 14 December 1925, having personally decided on it.[1] Hailey writes that it was "the event of the season", achieving a noted combination of coherence and expressivity over a substantial length of time despite its post-tonal musical language.[37] Walsh writes that it was asuccès de scandale with audience disruptions and mixed reaction in the press.[1] Many productions followed throughout Germany and Austria until after 1933, when the Nazis forbadedegenerate music.[1]
Wozzeck was then taken to Prague byOtakar Ostrčil at theNational Theatre in 1926. It provoked a "scandal", Berg wrote his pupilTheodor W. Adorno, staged by "Czech Nationalists (virtually Nazis)" and "clerical lobbies". Berg emphasized that this was[42][i]
purely political! (To them I am the Berlin Jew Alban (Aaron?) Berg. Ostrčil bribed by the RussianBolsheviks, the whole thing arranged by the 'Elders of Zion' etc).
The Bohemian State Committee forbade further performances.[42] Brian S. Locke called the "Wozzeck Affair" the "most important event at the Czechs' National Theater in the interwar period".[44]
At its third premiere (1927) inLeningrad, theAssociation for Contemporary Music andNikolai Roslavets stagedWozzeck at theMariinsky Theatre with Berg andShostakovich in attendance.[45] Berg wired Helene, "huge, tumultuous success", though critical reception was mixed.[46] (AmidStalinism and deterioratingGermany–Soviet Union relations,Wozzeck had yet to be restaged in the Soviet Union,George Perle observed in 1980.)[47]
On 19 March 1931,Leopold Stokowski and thePhiladelphia Grand Opera Company gave the United States premiere ofWozzeck on 19 March[1] atthe Metropolitan Opera House in Philadelphia.
Henry Wood and theBBC Symphony Orchestra gave a studio concert of the Three Fragments fromWozzeck, whichEdward Clark, a pupil ofArnold Schoenberg, produced for broadcast on 13 May 1932.[48] On 14 March 1934,Adrian Boult conducted a complete concert performance ofWozzeck, again produced by Edward Clark, in theQueen's Hall.[49][50] (The opera was not staged there until 22 January 1952 at theRoyal Opera House, Covent Garden.)[1]
The success ofWozzeck transformed Berg's life.[37] It brought him international renown, and he was able to live comfortably off the royalties nearly until his death in 1935.[37] He traveled not only to Germany, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and England, but also to Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, France, and Italy for performances of and talks about the opera.[37]
Busy attending to his newfound success and enjoying financial independence, Berg declined Schreker's offers of an appointment at theBerlin Musikhochschule as well as subsequent vacations with Schoenberg, though the two remained committed friends.[37] He benefited from new relationships withKarl Böhm, Erich Kleiber, andGian Francesco Malipiero, among others, and was appointed to serve on the jury of the ADMV.[51]
Hans Hartleb saw many parallels betweenWozzeck and Krenek'sOrpheus und Eurydike.[52] He cited the composers' use of violent scenes and saw the music of both Eurydike and Marie as evocative of "fatalism, melancholy, and sensuality".[52] Stewart agrees, writing that Berg's music for Marie raised her from a "stock character" to one of more substance.[53] Berg and Krenek knew each other from the salons ofAlma Mahler.[52] (Alma was a close friend of the Bergs[54] and the wife or lover ofGustav Mahler, Kokoschka, and Werfel.)
Krenek began studying the piano-vocal score ofWozzeck in early 1923, while visiting Kokoschka, the librettist ofOrpheus.[52] Krenek wrote Berg to praiseWozzeck and ask about Berg's vocal writing.[52] Berg responded at length, citing (and transcribing) examples from Wagner, Mozart, and Bach to support what he said was his treatment of the human voice as "the supreme instrument".[52] He said he adapted the music with respect to the voices' limitations and dramatic function.[52] Berg also usedSprechgesang (lit. 'speech singing') for dramatic effect.[55] Krenek later said he did not useWozzeck as a model forOrpheus, but Stewart suggests that he at least adhered to Berg's advice about vocal writing.[34]
InSinfonia (1968–69),Luciano Berio quotes the rising orchestral chords Berg uses in the word painting of Wozzeck's drowning.[citation needed]
Working with Berg,[56]Erwin Stein made an arrangement ofWozzeck for smaller theaters, reducing the orchestra to about 60 players.[57]John Rea's arrangement is for 22 singer and 21 instrumental parts.[10]
The 1970Hamburg State Opera production was filmed for the 1972 TV filmWozzeck, directed byJoachim Hess [de] and broadcast onNorddeutscher Rundfunk. Filming was done in and around a deserted castle.[59]
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![\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { \clef bass r8 dis-- b--[ e,--] g4-- } \addlyrics { Wir ar- me Leut! }](/image.pl?url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fscore%2ft%2f1%2ft1x965b865yvzp42nlew3iun364f9o7%2ft1x965b8.png&f=jpg&w=240)
