World Chess Championship 1954

	Defending champion	Challenger
	Mikhail Botvinnik	Vasily Smyslov
	12 Scores 12
	Born 17 August 1911 42 years old	Born 24 March 1921 32/33 years old
	Winner of the1951 World Chess Championship	Winner of the1953 Candidates Tournament
← 1951 1957 →

AWorld Chess Championship was played betweenMikhail Botvinnik andVasily Smyslov in Moscow from March 16 to May 13, 1954. Botvinnik had been World Champion since1948 and had successfully defended the title in1951, while Smyslov earned the right to challenge by winning the1953 Candidates tournament.

The match was drawn 12–12, meaning Botvinnik retained the world title.

An interzonal tournament was held atSaltsjöbaden inStockholm, Sweden, in September and October 1952. The top eight finishers qualified for the Candidates tournament.

1952 Interzonal Tournament

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	Total	Tie break
1	Alexander Kotov (Soviet Union)	x	½	½	½	½	½	1	1	1	1	1	½	½	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	16½
2	Mark Taimanov (Soviet Union)	½	x	½	½	½	½	½	½	1	½	½	½	1	1	1	½	1	½	½	1	1	13½	125.50
3	Tigran Petrosian (Soviet Union)	½	½	x	½	½	½	1	½	½	½	½	1	½	½	1	1	½	1	1	1	½	13½	125.00
4	Efim Geller (Soviet Union)	½	½	½	x	½	1	0	0	1	½	1	½	½	½	1	½	1	1	1	1	½	13
5	Yuri Averbakh (Soviet Union)	½	½	½	½	x	0	½	1	½	½	½	½	1	½	½	1	½	1	1	1	½	12½	115.25
6	Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden)	½	½	½	0	1	x	0	1	½	½	½	½	½	1	1	1	0	1	1	½	1	12½	115.00
7	László Szabó (Hungary)	0	½	0	1	½	1	x	½	½	1	½	½	½	½	1	1	½	½	1	½	1	12½	114.25
8	Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)	0	½	½	1	0	0	½	x	0	½	½	½	1	1	½	1	1	1	1	1	1	12½	105.50
9	Wolfgang Unzicker (West Germany)	0	0	½	0	½	½	½	1	x	½	0	½	1	½	½	½	½	½	1	½	½	11½
10	Erich Eliskases (Argentina)	0	½	½	½	½	½	0	½	½	x	½	1	0	½	0	½	1	½	1	1	1	10½
11	Hermann Pilnik (Argentina)	0	½	½	0	½	½	½	½	1	½	x	1	0	½	½	½	1	0	½	½	1	10	93.75
12	Luděk Pachman (Czechoslovakia)	½	½	0	½	½	½	½	½	½	0	0	x	½	½	1	½	½	1	1	½	½	10	92.50
13	Herman Steiner (United States)	½	0	½	½	0	½	½	0	0	1	1	½	x	½	0	0	1	1	½	1	1	10	88.50
14	Aleksandar Matanović (Yugoslavia)	0	0	½	½	½	0	½	0	½	½	½	½	½	x	0	½	1	½	1	½	1	9
15	Gedeon Barcza (Hungary)	0	0	0	0	½	0	0	½	½	1	½	0	1	1	x	1	½	0	0	1	½	8
16	Gösta Stoltz (Sweden)	0	½	0	½	0	0	0	0	0	½	½	½	1	½	0	x	0	1	1	½	1	7½
17	Luis Augusto Sánchez (Colombia)	0	0	½	0	½	1	½	0	0	0	0	½	0	0	½	1	x	½	0	1	1	7
18	Robert Wade (England)	0	½	0	0	0	0	½	0	0	½	1	0	0	½	1	0	½	x	½	0	1	6
19	Paul Vaitonis (Canada)	0	½	0	0	0	0	0	0	½	0	½	0	½	0	1	0	1	½	x	½	0	5
20	Harry Golombek (England)	0	0	0	0	0	½	½	0	0	0	½	½	0	½	0	½	0	1	½	x	0	4½	39.25
21	Lodewijk Prins (Netherlands)	0	0	½	½	½	0	0	0	0	0	0	½	0	0	½	0	0	0	1	1	x	4½	38.00

Only the top five were supposed to have qualified for a 12-player Candidates Tournament, but four players were tied for fifth place, and since theSonneborn–Berger tie-break margins were so small, all four were included.^[1]The tournament was surrounded by some controversy as the five Soviet players took the top five spots – havingdrawn every single game amongst themselves, several of them after suspiciously few moves.^[1]Originally, the 1952 Interzonal was supposed to have featured 22 players, butJulio Bolbochán ofArgentina suffered a hemorrhage and had to withdraw after a first-round adjournment.

The Candidates tournament was held inZürich, Switzerland, from August to October 1953, with the winner qualifying for the championship match against Botvinnik.

The field consisted of 15 players: The top eight from the 1952 Interzonal, the top five from the previous Candidates Tournament (Bronstein, Boleslavsky, Smyslov, Keres, and Najdorf), and the last two players from the 1948 championships not already qualified (Reshevsky and Euwe).

After 22 rounds, Smyslov and Reshevsky were tied for the lead on 13.5 points out of 21, followed by Bronstein on 12.5 and Keres on 12.^[2] Smyslov took a decisive lead in the next few rounds:

• In round 23, Kotov defeated Reshevsky while Smyslov had the bye. Bronstein and Keres moved up to 13 points.^[2]
• In round 24, Smyslov defeated Keres with black,^[2] while Reshevsky drew with Geller^[2] and Bronstein also drew.
• In round 25, Smyslov defeated Reshevsky,^[2] while Bronstein lost to Geller^[3] and Keres had the bye.

So in those three rounds, Smyslov scored 2/2 while Reshevsky scored ½/3. After round 25 the leaders were: Smyslov 15.5 with a game in hand, Reshevsky 14, Bronstein 13.5, Keres 13 with a game in hand. Smyslov drew his five remaining games, beginning with Bronstein in round 26.

Smyslov qualified as challenger by winning the tournament.^[4]

#	Player	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	Total
1	Vasily Smyslov (USSR)	xx	½½	11	½1	½½	11	½½	½0	½½	½½	½½	½½	1½	11	1½	18
2-4	David Bronstein (USSR)	½½	xx	1½	11	½½	½0	½½	½½	1½	½½	½½	01	1½	½½	½½	16
2-4	Paul Keres (USSR)	00	0½	xx	½½	½1	½1	½½	½½	½½	0½	11	1½	½1	½½	11	16
2-4	Samuel Reshevsky (USA)	½0	00	½½	xx	½½	½½	½½	10	½½	½1	½1	1½	½1	11	1½	16
5	Tigran Petrosian (USSR)	½½	½½	½0	½½	xx	½½	0½	½½	00	½½	½½	11	½1	1½	11	15
6-7	Efim Geller (USSR)	00	½1	½0	½½	½½	xx	11	½0	01	½½	01	1½	½1	01	½½	14½
6-7	Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)	½½	½½	½½	½½	1½	00	xx	1½	1½	½0	½½	½½	½½	0½	11	14½
8-9	Alexander Kotov (USSR)	½1	½½	½½	01	½½	½1	0½	xx	10	1½	00	10	1½	0½	01	14
8-9	Mark Taimanov (USSR)	½½	0½	½½	½½	11	10	0½	01	xx	10	½½	½½	½0	0½	11	14
10-11	Yuri Averbakh (USSR)	½½	½½	1½	0½	½½	½½	1½	0½	01	xx	½½	½½	0½	11	00	13½
10-11	Isaac Boleslavsky (USSR)	½½	½½	00	½0	½½	10	½½	11	½½	½½	xx	½0	½½	½1	½½	13½
12	László Szabó (Hungary)	½½	10	0½	0½	00	0½	½½	01	½½	½½	½1	xx	1½	½½	1½	13
13	Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)	0½	0½	½0	½0	½0	½0	½½	0½	½1	1½	½½	0½	xx	½1	11	12½
14	Max Euwe (Netherlands)	00	½½	½½	00	0½	10	1½	1½	1½	00	½0	½½	½0	xx	1½	11½
15	Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden)	0½	½½	00	0½	00	½½	00	10	00	11	½½	0½	00	0½	xx	8

There have been allegations of Soviet collusion in the Candidates tournament. Most sensationally, writing in the early 2000s,David Bronstein alleged that certain players were pressured to ensure Smyslov would win ahead of Reshevsky. He alleged that Keres was pressured to make a quick draw with white in his round 24 game against Smyslov, but that Keres resisted this, but the pressure made him in no fit state to play (and he lost).^[2] He also alleged that he (Bronstein) was pressured to make a draw with white against Smyslov in round 26, and he complied by playing the unaggressive Ruy Lopez exchange variation.^[3]

Soon after the article emerged, Smyslov replied, criticising the allegations, thoughAndy Soltis read that as meaning he didn't deny them.^[3]Yuri Averbakh said that Bronstein "cannot be 100% objective" on his world championship attempts.^[5]

The tournament is famous for the strength of the players, the high quality of the games, and books on the tournament by participantsDavid Bronstein^[6] andMiguel Najdorf that are regarded as among the best tournament books ever written.

The match was played as best of 24 games. If it ended 12-12, Botvinnik, the holder, would retain the Championship.

World Chess Championship Match 1954

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	Points
Mikhail Botvinnik (Soviet Union)	1	1	½	1	½	½	0	½	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	½	½	½	0	½	½	0	½	12
Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union)	0	0	½	0	½	½	1	½	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	½	½	½	1	½	½	1	½	12

Botvinnik retained the Championship.^[7][8]

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