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World Billiards Championship (English billiards)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Professional sports tournament
This article is about the professional competition and is not to be confused with the amateur competition,IBSF World Billiards Championship.

TheWorld Billiards Championship (WPBSA World Billiards Championship or World Professional Billiards Championship) is an internationalcue sports tournament in the discipline ofEnglish billiards, organised byWorld Billiards, a subsidiary of theWorld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA). In its various forms, and usually as a single competition, the title is one of the oldest sporting world championships, having been contested (though irregularly) since 1870.

From 2012 to 2014 there were separatetimed andpoints divisions, with the tournament held in association with theInternational Billiards and Snooker Federation. In those years, there was no separateIBSF World Billiards Championship.

The rules adopted by the Billiards Association in 1899 are essentially the rules still used today. The tournament has been played on a regular annual schedule since 1980, when it became administered by the WPBSA. The event was known as theWorld Professional Billiards Championship until 2010, and has had other names in the past, e.g.Billiards Championship of the World. In addition, theWorld Ladies Billiards Championship has been played since 1931 (with interruptions) and organized byWorld Ladies Billiards and Snooker since 1998.[1]

Early championships

[edit]
A crowd watching a billiards match
The February 1870 match at St James's Hall, London, fromThe Illustrated London News

Before the introduction of formal championships inEnglish billiards, "champions" were recognised by public acclaim, usually based on their performances in money matches.[2][3] AfterJack Carr's defeat of Jerry Flanagan, who was known as "theCork Marker", for a stake of 75Guineas, Carr's backers issued a challenge that Carr would play anyone for a stake of 100sovereign (British coin)s.[4][5][6] Edwin "Jonathan" Kentfield accepted the challenge, and assumed the title after Carr was too ill to play. He would remain unchallenged for 24 years.[4][7][3]

John Roberts Sr., who had spent years touring and establishing his reputation as a billiards player, challenged Kentfield in 1849.[4] Kentfield declined to play, so Roberts styled himself as champion, a title he held unchallenged until1870, when he lost toWilliam Cook.[4][8]

William Cook challenged Roberts Sr. for the title in the Autumn of 1869.[4] As this was the first actual match for the Championship, a group of players and representatives from three billiard table manufacturers drew up a special set of rules for the game. Roberts managed to have the pocket width reduced to 3 inches (from the original 358 inches), andthe "D" andspots were adjusted so that Cook's spot stroke strength, derived from his proficiency at consecutivelypotting thered ball from its spot, was weakened.[8] Cook was nonetheless considered the favourite.[8] The match started at 8:27 p.m. on 11 February 1870 and concluded at 1:38 a.m the followign morning as Cook reached the target of 1,200 points.[8] The match atSt. James's Hall in London was attended byEdward VII, thePrince of Wales.[8] There were a further ten matches for the trophy by December 1875,[9] In April 1876 Cook was awarded the title when reigning championJohn Roberts Jr., who had won the title five times, failed to accept five-time Champion Cook's challenge because of his planned tour of Australia.[8][10] The pair played in May 1877, when Roberts prevailed, after which Cook claimed the title in 1878 when Roberts did not formally accept his challenge.[8] Cook resigned the title a month later and travelled to join Roberts on tour in India.[8]

Association championships

[edit]
Walter Lindrum playing billiards
Walter Lindrum held the title from 1933 to 1951. In 2012, the billiards historianClive Everton wrote that Lindrum was "a genius, who conquered his sport more thoroughly than any other player has conquered any other."[11]

TheBilliard Association was formed in early 1885 by a group of professional players and trade representatives, and produced a new set of rules in September 1885.[12] The first two editions of the Association's championship were won by Roberts, against Cook and then againstJoseph Bennett; the latter match was the last where the "championship table" that had been created by Roberts Sr. was used.[13] After five unofficial events now recognised as editions of the Championship had taken place,[14] The Association sanctioned two championships, one with a "spot-barred" format and the other "all-in".[14] From 1889, the Association held only one championship, with rules largely similar to the "spot-barred" format.[14] Another change was that while earlier championships were only open only to its members, the Association decided in 1888 that "the championship of Great Britain and Ireland shall be open to the world."[15] In 1909, the Billiard Control Club was established as a rival to the Billiard Association and staged several editions of their own event.[16] the rival organisations merged in 1919 as theBilliards Association and Control Council (BACC).[16] After the 1933 tournament won by AustralianWalter Lindrum, who insisted on defending the title in his home country, the title of the tournament was changed to the world championship anda separate event for UK players was initiated.[17]

The 1934 edition was the first to be held outside the UK, and Lindrum won again, after which only two challenge matches took place over the next three decades.[17] In 1950,Clark McConachy issued a challenge to Lindrum for the title, but Lindrum announced his retirement and returned the championship trophy to the BACC.[18] The BACC decided that McConachy would play the winner of the UK Championship for the title, but when UK ChampionFred Davis declined to play because he felt the match was too early in the season,John Barrie was nominated in his place.[18] McConachy defeated Barrie comfortably in 1951, and held the title unchallenged for the next 17 years.[18] In 1968,Rex Williams decided to travel to Auckland to challenge McConachy, who was aged 73 by this time and whose play was affected by hisParkinson's disease. In what turned out to be a poor-quality match, Williams won the title.[19]

WPBSA title

[edit]
David Causier andDhruv Sitwala at the 2025 final

Leslie Driffield, a member of the BA&CC governing body, was nominated by the Association as the challenger to Williams for the Championship. Williams declined to play Driffield within the five-month time limit set by the BA&CC, thus forfeiting the title in July 1970. In October 1970, the Professional Billiard Players Association (PBPA)—which had been re-established in 1968 by Williams and seven other players—disaffiliated from the BA&CC. The PBPA then changed its name to theWorld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) in December 1970, and declared itself the governing body for the professional game, recognising Williams as champion. The BA&CC title was contested between Driffield andJack Karnehm in June 1971; they were the only two professionals who continued to recognise the BA&CC as having authority over the game.[20][21][22][23][24][25]

In the 1970s, there were further challenge matches for the title. Williams was dominant in this period. In 1980,Fred Davis won at the age of 67 to become World Champion. Since the 1980s, the world championship has sometimes been contested as a series of shorter games, for example in 150-up, the first player to win a designated number of games of first-to-150 is the victor.

From 1989 to 2011,Mike Russell was the dominant player, closely followed byGeet Sethi who won five titles. Some Australian players were successful in the 1980s, most notablyRobby Foldvari (winner 1986, runner-up 1987) andEddie Charlton (twice runner-up, 1984 and 1988).

In November 2011, WPBSA formed a subsidiary calledWorld Billiards, which organised the 2012 championships as an amalgamation of the WPBSA andIBSF World Billiards Championship.[26][27] There were separate events for timed and "short-up" (multiples of 150-up games).[27] The same arrangements applied for the next two years, after which the IBSF withdrew and revived its own competition.[28]

David Causier (with nine titles),Pankaj Advani (three titles), andPeter Gilchrist are other multiple title winners in the modern game.

World Championships

[edit]

The list of events now recognised as championship editions below is derived fromA History of Billiards (2012) byClive Everton,[29] and the World Billiards website.

World Champions of English billiards
EditionDateAssociationFormatChampionRunner-upScoreVenueRef.
11825noneno contest (challenge) Edwin Kentfield (ENG)Declared himself champion whenJack Carr died before their match[4]
21849noneno contest (challenge) John Roberts Sr. (WAL)Declared himself champion when Kentfield declined his challenge[4]
3February 1870nonePoints (challenge) William Cook (ENG) John Roberts Sr. (WAL)1,200–1,083St James's Hall, London[30][31]
4April 1870nonePoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) William Cook (ENG)1,000–552St James's Hall, London[30][31]
5May 1870nonePoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) Alfred Bowles (ENG)1,000–752St James's Hall, London[30][31]
6November 1870nonePoints (challenge) Joseph Bennett (ENG) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL)1,000–905St James's Hall, London[30][31]
7January 1871nonePoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) Joseph Bennett (ENG)1,000–637St James's Hall, London[30][31]
8May 1871nonePoints (challenge) William Cook (ENG) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL)1,000–985St James's Hall, London[30][31]
9November 1871nonePoints (challenge) William Cook (ENG) Joseph Bennett (ENG)1,000–942St James's Hall, London[30][31]
10March 1872[a]nonePoints (challenge) William Cook (ENG) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL)1,000–799St James's Hall, London[30][31]
11February 1874nonePoints (challenge) William Cook (ENG) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL)1,000–784St James's Hall, London[30][31]
12May 1875nonePoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) William Cook (ENG)1,000–837The Criterion, London[30][31]
13December 1875nonePoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) William Cook (ENG)1,000–865St James's Hall, London[30][31]
14April 1876noneno contest William Cook (ENG)Declared champion when Roberts declined his challenge due to a clash with his planned tour of Australia[30][8]
15May 1877nonePoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) William Cook (ENG)1,000–779Gaiety Restaurant,Strand, London[30][31]
16July 1878noneno contest William Cook (ENG)Declared champion when Roberts failed to respond to his challenge[32][8]
17November 1880nonePoints (challenge) Joseph Bennett (ENG) William Cook (ENG)1,000–949St James's Hall, London[32][31]
18January 1881nonePoints (challenge) Joseph Bennett (ENG) Tom Taylor (ENG)1,000–910St James's Hall, London[32][31]
19September 1881noneno contest William Cook (ENG)Declared champion; Bennett had broken his arm, and resigned the title[32]
20February 1885noneno contest John Roberts, Jr. (WAL)Declared champion when Cook failed to respond to his challenge[32]
21March–April 1885Billiard AssociationPoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) William Cook (ENG)3,000–2,908Billiard Hall, Argyll Street, London[32][31]
22June 1885Billiard AssociationPoints (challenge) John Roberts, Jr. (WAL) Joseph Bennett (ENG)3,000–1,360Royal Aquarium, London[32][31]
23October 1887nonePoints (challenge) Billy Mitchell (ENG) William Peall (ENG)15,000–13,733Royal Aquarium, London[33][14]
24March 1888nonePoints (challenge) William Peall (ENG) Billy Mitchell (ENG)15,000–6,753Royal Aquarium, London[34][14]
25January 1889George Wright and Co.Points Billy Mitchell (ENG) William Peall (ENG)Round-robinRoyal Aquarium, London[35][36]
26February 1890George Wright and Co.Points William Peall (ENG) Billy Mitchell (ENG)Round-robinRoyal Aquarium, London[35][36]
27March 1891George Wright and Co.Points William Peall (ENG) Billy Mitchell (ENG)2,500–776Royal Aquarium, London[37][35]
28April 1892Billiard AssociationPoints[b] William Peall (ENG) Billy Mitchell (ENG)5,000–1,755Orme & Sons Showrooms,Soho Square[36]
29April 1892Billiard AssociationPoints[c] Billy Mitchell (ENG) John North (ENG)3,000–2,697Thurston's Showrooms,Strand, London[36]
30February 1893Billiard AssociationPoints[c] Billy Mitchell (ENG) John North (ENG)9,000–6,525Egyptian Hall,Piccadilly, London[36]
31January 1894Billiard AssociationPoints Billy Mitchell (ENG) Charles Dawson (ENG)9,000–8,163National Sporting Club, London[36]
32January 1899Billiard AssociationPoints Charles Dawson (ENG) John North (ENG)9,000–4,715Gaiety Restaurant,Strand, London[15][36]
33April 1900Billiard AssociationPoints Charles Dawson (ENG) Harry Stevenson (ENG)9,000–6,775Billiard Hall, Argyll Street, London[38]
34January 1901Billiard AssociationPoints Harry Stevenson (ENG) Charles Dawson (ENG)9,000–6,406Gaiety Restaurant,Strand, London[39]
35April 1901Billiard AssociationPoints Charles Dawson (ENG) Harry Stevenson (ENG)9,000–5,796Billiard Hall, Argyll Street, London[40]
36November 1901Billiard Associationno contest Harry Stevenson (ENG)Declared champion when Dawson refused to play for the title on a date set by the Billiard Association[41]
37March 1903Billiard AssociationPoints Charles Dawson (ENG) Harry Stevenson (ENG)9,000–8,700National Sporting Club, London[42]
38September 1908Billiard Associationno contest Melbourne Inman (ENG)Declared champion[43]
39March 1909Billiard AssociationPoints Melbourne Inman (ENG) Albert Williams (ENG)9,000–7,662National Sporting Club, London[44][16]
40April 1909Billiard Control Clubno contest Harry Stevenson (ENG)Declared champion as the only entrant for the championship[45]
41April 1910Billiard Control ClubPoints Harry Stevenson (ENG) Melbourne Inman (ENG)Match abandoned[d]Baronial Hall, Holborn, London[47][46]
42October 1910Billiard Control ClubPoints Harry Stevenson (ENG) Melbourne Inman (ENG)18,000–16,907Holborn Hall, London[48]
43April 1911Billiard Control ClubPoints Harry Stevenson (ENG) Melbourne Inman (ENG)18,000–16,914Caxton Hall, London[49]
44March 1912Billiard Control ClubPoints Melbourne Inman (ENG) Tom Reece (ENG)18,000–9,875Holborn Hall, London[50]
45March 1913Billiard Control ClubPoints Melbourne Inman (ENG) Tom Reece (ENG)18,000–16,627Holborn Hall, London[51]
46March 1914Billiard Control ClubPoints Melbourne Inman (ENG) Tom Reece (ENG)18,000–12,826Holborn Hall, London[52]
47March 1919Billiard Control ClubPoints Melbourne Inman (ENG) Harry Stevenson (ENG)18,000–9,468Thurston's Hall, London[53]
48May 1920BACCPoints Willie Smith (ENG) Claude Falkiner (ENG)16,000–14,500Burroughes Hall,Piccadilly, London[54]
49March 1921BACCPoints Tom Newman (ENG) Tom Reece (ENG)16,000–10,744Thurston's Hall, London[55]
50May 1922BACCPoints Tom Newman (ENG) Claude Falkiner (ENG)16,000–15,167Thurston's Hall, London[56]
51May 1923BACCPoints Willie Smith (ENG) Tom Newman (ENG)16,000–15,180Holborn Hall, London[57]
52May 1924BACCPoints Tom Newman (ENG) Tom Reece (ENG)16,000–14,845Burroughes Hall, London[58][16]
53April 1925BACCPoints Tom Newman (ENG) Tom Reece (ENG)16,000–10,092Burroughes Hall, London[59][16]
54April–May 1926BACCPoints Tom Newman (ENG) Joe Davis (ENG)16,000–9,505Holborn Hall, London[60][16]
55May 1927BACCPoints Tom Newman (ENG) Joe Davis (ENG)16,000–14,763Orme Hall, Manchester[61][62]
56May 1928BACCPoints Joe Davis (ENG) Tom Newman (ENG)16,000–14,874Thurston's Hall, London[63]
57April 1929BACCPoints Joe Davis (ENG) Tom Newman (ENG)18,000–17,219Thurston's Hall, London[64]
58May 1930BACCTimed Joe Davis (ENG) Tom Newman (ENG)20,918–20,117Thurston's Hall, London[65]
59March 1932BACCTimed Joe Davis (ENG) Clark McConachy (NZL)25,161–19,259Thurston's Hall, London[66]
60May 1933BACCTimed Walter Lindrum (AUS) Joe Davis (ENG)21,815–21,121Dorland Hall, London[67]
61October 1934BACCTimed Walter Lindrum (AUS) Joe Davis (ENG)23,553–22,678Railway Institute,Melbourne[68]
62September 1951BACCTimed (challenge) Clark McConachy (NZL) John Barrie (ENG)9,274–6,691Leicester Square Hall, London[69][70]
63August 1968BACCTimed (challenge) Rex Williams (ENG) Clark McConachy (NZL)5,499–5,234YMCA Stadium,Auckland[71][72]
64May 1971WPBSATimed (challenge) Rex Williams (ENG) Bernard Bennett (ENG)9,250–4,058Castle Club,Southampton[73]
65June 1971BACCTimed (challenge) Leslie Driffield (ENG) Jack Karnehm (ENG)9,029–4,342Middlesbrough Town Hall[74]
66January 1973B&SCCTimed (challenge) Leslie Driffield (ENG) Albert Johnson (AUS)9,204–4,696Penrith Rugby League Club[75]
67September 1973WPBSATimed (challenge) Rex Williams (ENG) Jack Karnehm (ENG)8,360–4,336Marconi Athletic Club,Chelmsford[73]
68September 1974WPBSATimed (challenge) Rex Williams (ENG) Eddie Charlton (AUS)7,017–4,916Geraldton[76]
69July 1976WPBSATimed (challenge) Rex Williams (ENG) Eddie Charlton (AUS)9,105–5,149Aberdeen ChateauGeelong[77][78]
70May 1980WPBSATimed (challenge) Fred Davis (ENG) Rex Williams (ENG)5,978–4,452Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[79]
71November 1980WPBSATimed Fred Davis (ENG) Mark Wildman (ENG)3,037–2,064Brownsover Hotel,Rugby[80]
721982WPBSAPoints Rex Williams (ENG) Mark Wildman (ENG)3,000–1,785Astra La Reserve Club,Sutton Coldfield[81]
731983WPBSAPoints Rex Williams (ENG) Fred Davis (ENG)1,500–605Court Snooker Club,Peterborough[82]
741984WPBSATimed Mark Wildman (ENG) Eddie Charlton (AUS)1,045–1,012Majestic Snooker Club,Portsmouth[83]
751985WPBSAShort Ray Edmonds (ENG) Norman Dagley (ENG)3–1Hatton Garden Snooker Centre, London[84]
761986WPBSAShort Robby Foldvari (AUS) Norman Dagley (ENG)3–1Romiley ForumStockport[85]
771987WPBSAShort Norman Dagley (ENG) Robby Foldvari (AUS)3–1Albert Hall,Bolton[86]
781988WPBSAShort Norman Dagley (ENG) Eddie Charlton (AUS)7–4Albert Hall,Bolton[87]
791989WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) Peter Gilchrist (ENG)2,242–1,347Fairmont Resort,Leura[88]
-1990No tournament held[89]
801991WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) Robby Foldvari (AUS)1,352–957Hyatt Regency Hotel, New Delhi[89]
811992WPBSATimed Geet Sethi (IND) Mike Russell (ENG)2,529–718Holiday Inn,Bombay[90]
821993WPBSATimed Geet Sethi (IND) Mike Russell (ENG)2,139–1,140President Hotel,Bombay[91]
831994WPBSATimed Peter Gilchrist (ENG) Mike Russell (ENG)1,539–645Leela Kempinski Hotel,Bombay[92]
841995WPBSATimed Geet Sethi (IND) Devendra Joshi (IND)1,661–931President Hotel,Bombay[93]
851996WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) Geet Sethi (IND)2,534–1,848Bombay Gymkhana,South Mumbai[94]
-1997No tournament held
861998WPBSATimed Geet Sethi (IND) Mike Russell (ENG)1,400–1,015Fortune Landmark Hotel,Ahmedabad[95][96]
871999WPBSAPoints Mike Russell (ENG) Peter Gilchrist (ENG)2,000–832Taj Connemara Hotel,Chennai[97][98]
-2000No tournament held[99]
882001WPBSATimed Peter Gilchrist (ENG) Mike Russell (ENG)1,287–863Cricket Club of India,Mumbai[97]
892002WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) Peter Gilchrist (ENG)2,251–1,273Centurion Hotel,Midsomer Norton[100]
902003WPBSAShort Mike Russell (ENG) Peter Gilchrist (ENG)6–4Jerma Palace Hotel,Marsaskala[101]
912004WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) David Causier (ENG)2,402–1,349Pontins,Prestatyn[102]
922005WPBSATimed Chris Shutt (ENG) Mike Russell (ENG)1,620–1,365Pontins,Prestatyn[103]
932006WPBSATimed Geet Sethi (IND) Lee Lagan (ENG)2,073–1,057Pontins,Prestatyn[104]
942007WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) Chris Shutt (ENG)2,166–1,710Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[99]
952008WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) Geet Sethi (IND)1,823–1,342Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[105]
962009WPBSATimed Pankaj Advani (IND) Mike Russell (ENG)2,030–1,253Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[106]
972010WPBSATimed Mike Russell (ENG) Dhruv Sitwala (IND)1,738–1,204Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[107]
982011WPBSAPoints Mike Russell (ENG) David Causier (ENG)1,500–558Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[108]
992012WBL/IBSFShort Rupesh Shah (IND) Matthew Bolton (AUS)6–2Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[109]
Timed Pankaj Advani (IND) Mike Russell (ENG)1,895–1,216Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[110]
1002013WBL/IBSFShort David Causier (ENG) Alok Kumar (IND)6–1Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[111]
Points Peter Gilchrist (SIN) David Causier (ENG)1,500–1,085Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[112]
1012014WBL/IBSFShort Pankaj Advani (IND) Peter Gilchrist (SIN)6–2Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[113]
Timed Pankaj Advani (IND) Robert Hall (ENG)1,928–893Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[114]
1022015WBLShort David Causier (ENG) Robert Hall (ENG)6–1Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[115]
Points David Causier (ENG) Peter Gilchrist (SIN)1,500–1,277Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[116]
1032016WBLShort David Causier (ENG) Dhruv Sitwala (IND)8–6Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[117]
Timed Mike Russell (ENG) David Causier (ENG)2,224–1,115Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[117]
1042017WBLShort David Causier (ENG) Sourav Kothari (IND)8–4Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[118]
Points David Causier (ENG) Peter Gilchrist (SIN)1,500–779Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[119]
1052018WBLTimed Sourav Kothari (IND) Peter Gilchrist (SIN)1,134–944Northern Snooker Centre,Leeds[120]
1062019WBLTimed Peter Gilchrist (SIN) Sourav Kothari (IND)1,307–967RACV Club,Melbourne[121]
-2020No tournament held[122]
-2021No tournament held[122]
1072022WBLTimed David Causier (ENG) Peter Gilchrist (SIN)1,776–1,092Ronnie O'Sullivan Snooker Academy, Singapore[123]
1082023WBLTimed Peter Gilchrist (SIN) David Causier (ENG)1,824–783Landywood Snooker Club,Great Wyrley[124]
1092024WBLTimed David Causier (ENG) Robert Hall (ENG)2,088–1,109Landywood Snooker Club,Great Wyrley[125]
1102025WBLTimed David Causier (ENG) Dhruv Sitwala (IND)2,948–677Landywood Snooker Club,Great Wyrley[126]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Some sources say the match was in April
  2. ^"all-in"
  3. ^ab"Spot-barred"
  4. ^The match was first to 18,000 but was abandoned, due to the death of Stevenson's wife. Stevenson was leading 13,370–13,212.[46]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"World Ladies Billiards Champions".World Billiards. Archived fromthe original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved1 May 2017.
  2. ^Everton 2012, p. 18.
  3. ^abShamos 1999, p. 93.
  4. ^abcdefgAinsworth, Peter (21 June 2020)."The Early Champions".World Billiards. Retrieved29 May 2025.
  5. ^"Billiard match between Carr and the Cork Marker".Weekly Dispatch. 20 February 1825. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^"Billiards - Challenge from Carr (Letter)".Weekly Dispatch. 27 February 1825. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^Kentfield, Edwin (6 March 1825)."(Letter)".Weekly Dispatch. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^abcdefghijAinsworth, Peter (21 June 2020)."Billiards Championships: 1870–1885".World Billiards. Retrieved1 June 2025.
  9. ^Everton 2012, p. 27.
  10. ^Everton 2012, pp. 208–209.
  11. ^Everton 2012, p. 103.
  12. ^Everton 2012, p. 30.
  13. ^Everton 2012, pp. 209–210.
  14. ^abcdeEverton 2012, p. 210.
  15. ^abEverton 2012, p. 211.
  16. ^abcdefEverton 2012, p. 212.
  17. ^abEverton 2012, pp. 105, 213.
  18. ^abcEverton 2012, p. 123.
  19. ^Everton 1985, pp. 154–156.
  20. ^Everton, Clive (14 November 1988). "A great billiards amateur".The Guardian. p. 39.
  21. ^"Challenge taken".The Guardian. 30 September 1970. p. 19.
  22. ^Clive Everton (2011).Black Farce and Cue Ball Wizards: The Inside Story of the Snooker World. Mainstream Publishing.ISBN 978-1-78057-399-1.
  23. ^"WPBSA v TSN".BBC Sport. 16 February 2001.Archived from the original on 1 January 2003. Retrieved20 September 2019.
  24. ^"History of The WPBSA".wpbsa.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association.Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved20 September 2019.
  25. ^Everton 2012, pp. 146–147.
  26. ^Everton 2012, p. 207.
  27. ^ab"New look for World Billiards Championship".Snooker Scene. October 2012. p. 33.
  28. ^Everton, Clive (August 2015). "IBSF cause damaging billiards split".Snooker Scene. pp. 28–29.
  29. ^Everton 2012.
  30. ^abcdefghijklmEverton 2012, p. 208.
  31. ^abcdefghijklmnopBennett 1899, p. 3.
  32. ^abcdefgEverton 2012, p. 209.
  33. ^"Billiards".The Observer. 9 October 1887. p. 3 – via Newapapers.com.
  34. ^"Billiards".The York Herald. 19 March 1888. p. 3 – via Newapapers.com.
  35. ^abcDawson 1904, pp. 93–94.
  36. ^abcdefgAinsworth, Peter (21 June 2020)."The formation of the Billiards Association".World Billiards. Retrieved26 May 2025.
  37. ^"Billiards".The Guardian. 1 June 1891. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
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Books

  • Bennett, Joseph (1899).Billiards (Sixth ed.). London: Thos. De Las Rue & Co.
  • Dawson, Charles (1904).Practical Billiards. Surbiton: self-published.
  • Dixon, Sydenham (1896). "1. History of Billiards". In Broadfoot, W. (ed.).The Badminton Library: Billiards. London: Longmans, Green. pp. 7–59.
  • Everton, Clive (1985). Frei, Beatrice (ed.).Guinness Snooker – The Records. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives.ISBN 0851124488.
  • Everton, Clive (2012).A History of Billiards. englishbilliards.org.ISBN 978-0-9564054-5-6.
  • Shamos, Mike (1999).The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York: The Lyons Press.ISBN 978-1-55821-797-3.

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