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 A Georgian woman wearing a national costume | |
| Gender Inequality Index[1] | |
|---|---|
| Value | 0.280 (2021) |
| Rank | 66th out of 191 |
| Global Gender Gap Index[2] | |
| Value | 0.731 (2022) |
| Rank | 55th out of 146 |
Women inGeorgia live in a society which has been changing over the centuries, where, after decades of Soviet regime, from the 1990s onwards, the culture has seen rapid social changes and new emerging values, but has also been affected by economic instability.
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(November 2017) |
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On May 26, 1918, theNational Council of Georgia unilaterally seceded from the crumblingRussian Empire by passingThe Act of Independence of Georgia giving birth to theDemocratic Republic of Georgia. According to this act, “the Democratic Republic of Georgia equally guarantees to every citizen within her limits political rights irrespective of nationality, creed, social rank or sex". Accordingly, in 1919, Georgian women were able to vote in the elections of the newConstituent Assembly of Georgia. The election saw fifteen women candidates stand for election, five of whom were elected to the 130-person assembly, all on the Social democratic ticket. The five elected assemblywomen wereAna Sologashvili,Elisabeth Nakashidze-Bolkvadze,Kristine Sharashidze,Eleonora Ter-Parsegova-Makhviladze andMinadora Orjonikidze-Toroshelidze.[3][4]
In 1921 Georgia was annexed by theRed Army and remained a part of the USSR until its dissolution. In 1991, after the Soviet dissolution, Georgia became an independent country. As with other countries of the former communist bloc, the recovery from a socialist economy to a market economy was hard, and unemployment, economic destabilization, and conflicts have harmed the population, especially in the 1990s.[5] In terms of population, more than 8 out of 10 inhabitants are ethnic Georgians, but there are also minorities such as Azeri, Armenians, Russians, and others. The vast majority of the population isOrthodox Christian, but about one in ten areMuslim. The urbanization of the country is 53.6% (est. 2015). Thetotal fertility rate (TFR) of 1.76 children born/woman (est. 2015) is below the replacement rate. Thematernal mortality rate is 36 deaths/100,000 live births (est. 2015).[6]
TheConstitution of Georgia states at Article 14 that:
Everyone is free by birth and is equal before law regardless of race, colour, language, religion, political and other opinions, national, ethnic and social belonging, origin, property and title, place of residence.[7]
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(November 2017) |
BecauseGeorgian culture is a patriarchal one, women are accorded achivalric form of respect.[8] Women can have the role of both as "breadwinner and housewife". Most of the chores at home are done by women. There is no "explicit division of labor" according to gender, except in so-called "areas of physical labor" (an example is in the field of mining). The statue ofMother of Georgia (Kartlis Deda, or "Mother ofKartli") that stands at a monument in the hills aboveTbilisi perhaps best symbolizes such national character: in her left hand she holds a bowl of wine with which she greets her friends and in her right is a sword drawn against her enemies. One of the most important and powerful rulers of Georgia wasQueen (king of kings) Tamar the Great. In more recent history Georgian women have been able to acquire various positions in themilitary including being among the few professional fighter and helicopter pilots of the country's small air force and also a small number in the army's special operations forces.[9] Many women also serve in the field of law enforcement and thegovernment. However, no women are allowed to become priests of theOrthodox church.[8] The so-called "traditional stereotypes of gender-defined social roles" are undergoing changes because of the education being received by new generation of women.[8] Clothing norms stipulate that inside churches, head covering and dress or skirt for women are usually required.
The Labour Code of Georgia has certain protections for women. Article 2Labor Relations para. 3 prohibits discrimination based on "race, color, language, ethnic or social origin, nationality, origin, property, birth, place of residence, age,gender, sexual orientation, disability, membership of a religious, social, political or other associations, including the trade unions, by marital status, political or other opinion".[10] Art. 27 grantsmaternity leave,[10] and Art 36 and Art 37 in general (and explicitly at sections Art 36(2)g together with Art 37(3)c) protect women from dismissal due to maternity, childbirth and child care, leave for a newborn child adoption and additional leave for child care.[10]TheLaw of Georgia on Gender Equality provides additional protections.[11]
In 2006, Georgia enactedLaw of Georgia on Elimination of Domestic Violence, Protection and Support of Victims of Domestic Violence.[12]Georgia also ratified theCouncil of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings in 2007.[13]
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