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Wiman Chosŏn

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Dynasty of the Gojoseon kingdom of Korea (194–108 BC)

Founding

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History ofKorea

Prehistoric period

Palaeolithic	700,000–8000 BC
Neolithic	8000–1500 BC
*Jeulmun
Bronze Age	1500–300 BC
*Mumun
*Liaoning dagger

Ancient period

Gojoseon	2333–108 BC
*Dangun
*Kija
*Wiman
Jin	4th–2nd century BC
Yemaek

Proto–Three Kingdoms period

Four Commanderies of Han

Three Kingdoms period

Goguryeo	37 BC – 668 AD
Baekje	18 BC – 660 AD
Silla	57 BC – 935 AD
Gaya confederacy	42–562
Tamna (Tributary of Baekje)	498–660
Usan	512–930

Northern and Southern period

United Silla (Unified Silla)	668–892
Balhae	698–926
Little Goguryeo	699–820
Tamna (Tributary of Silla)	662–925

Later Three Kingdoms period

Later Baekje	892–936
Taebong (Later Goguryeo)	901–918
Unified Silla (Later Silla)	892–935
Later Sabeol	919–927
Dongdan Kingdom	926–936
Later Balhae	927–935
Jeongan	938–986

Dynastic period

Goryeo	918–1392
Tamna (Vassal of Goryeo)	938–1105
Heungyo	1029–1030
Joseon	1392–1897
Korean Empire	1897–1910

Colonial period

Japanese occupation	1910–1945
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People's Republic of Korea	1945
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Part ofa series on the
History ofManchuria

Prehistoric period Liao civilization Baijinbao culture Liaoning bronze dagger culture
Ancient to Classical period Gojoseon Sushen Donghu Yemaek Yan (Warring States) Xiongnu Han dynasty Wuhuan Xianbei Takri Kingdom Buyeo Goguryeo Kumo Xi Yan (Three Kingdoms) Cao Wei Sima Jin dynasty Former Yan Former Qin Later Yan Northern Yan Shiwei Khitan Mohe
Medieval to Early Modern period Göktürk Khaganate Eastern Turkic Khaganate Tang dynasty (Andong Protectorate) Balhae Dongdan Kingdom Jeongan Liao dynasty Jurchen Jin dynasty Yuan rule Northern Yuan Ming rule (Nurgan) Later Jin Qing rule Sino-Russian border conflicts (Treaty of Nerchinsk)
Modern period Amur Annexation Chuang Guandong Russian invasion Russian Dalian Russo-Japanese War Beiyang government (Fengtian Clique) Far Eastern Republic Kwantung Leased Territory Northeast Flag Replacement Korean People's Association in Manchuria Japanese invasion Manchukuo Liaoshen Campaign (Chinese Civil War) Manchuria/Northeast China Outer Manchuria (inRussian Far East)
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Wiman Chosŏn monarchs

Wiman	194 BCE–?
Unknown	?–?
Ugŏ	?–108 BCE

According toSima Qian, Wiman was a general from theKingdom of Yan of northeastern China after the collapse of China'sQin dynasty, who submitted to Gojoseon's KingJun. Jun accepted and appointed Wiman commander of the western border region of Gojoseon, which probably corresponds to the west of the present-dayLiaoning. Despite the generosity that King Jun had demonstrated, Wiman revolted and destroyed Gojoseon. In 194 BC, he established Wiman Chosŏn and decided to locate his capital inWanggeom-seong (왕검성, 王險城). Many Korean historians believe that the exact location of Wanggeom-seong was Yodong (요동) in Liaodong, China.

In this period, Wiman Chosŏn expanded to control a vast territory and became strong economically by controlling trade between the Han dynasty and the peoples ofManchuria. TheEmperor Wu of Han thought that Wiman Chosŏn increasingly threatened the Han dynasty, and Wiman Chosŏn would ally with theXiongnu.

Canghai commandery

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Around the period from 128 BC to 126 BC, Canghai commandery, covering an area in northernKorean peninsula to southernManchuria, existed.Namnyŏ [ko] (남려;南閭)), who was a monarch ofDongye and a subject of Wiman Chosŏn, revolted againstUgeo of Gojoseon and then surrendered to theHan dynasty with 280,000 people.^[a] TheCanghai Commandery was established following this revolution, however in 2 years, it was abolished byGongsun Hong.^[7]

Fall

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Main articles:Han conquest of Gojoseon andFour Commanderies of Han

Wiman's grandson,King Ugeo, allowed many exiles fromHan dynasty of China to live in Wiman Chosŏn. However, the number of Han grew, and King Ugeo prevented theJin state from communicating with the Han dynasty. As a result, in 109 BC, theEmperor Wu of Han invaded Wiman Chosŏn near the Luan River. After failing several times to defeat Wiman Chosŏn's armies, Han Wudi tried to convince the princes of Wiman Chosŏn to kill King Ugeo. The conspiracy failed and it led to the destruction of the Gojoseon kingdom. After the war, Wudi of Han dynasty sentenced two generals to death for failing to defeat Wiman Chosŏn.

After a year of battle, Wanggeom-seong was captured and Wiman Chosŏn was destroyed. The Han dynasty established theFour Commanderies of Han in the captured areas, which corresponds to the current area ofLiaodong peninsula and the northwestern Korean peninsula. The Commanderies eventually fell to the rising Goguryeo in 4th century AD.

Monarchs of Wiman Chosŏn

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Main article:List of Wiman Chosŏn monarchs

Maps

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Korea in 108 BC. Gojoseon before destroyed by Han dynasty.
Han dynasty destroys Wiman Chosŏn, and establishing the Four Commanderies.
Korea in 315.Goguryeo recovered the former Gojoseon territory.

Notes

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^Book of the Later Han, Treatise on the Dongyi (元朔元年武帝年也., 濊君南閭等【集解】惠棟曰, 顏籀云, 南閭者, 薉君之名.畔右渠, 率二十八萬口詣遼東內屬, 武帝以其地爲蒼海郡, 數年乃罷.)

References

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^Sima & Watson 1993, pp. 225–230.
^Peterson & Margulies 2009, p. 6: "The term was used again by a refugee from the Han dynasty named Wiman, who about 200 B.C.E. set up a kingdom in Korea called Wiman Choson."
^Cotterell 2011, Imperial Crisis: The Failure of the Later Han: "The earliest documented event in Korean history involves China. After an unsuccessful rising against the first Han emperor Gaozu, the defeated rebels sought refuge beyond the imperial frontier and one of them Wiman, took control of Choson, a Korean state in the north of the peninsula."
^Kim 2012, p. 10: "For instance, Wiman, a refugee from the Yan dynasty, which then existed around present-day Beijing, led his band of more than 1,000 followers into exile in Old Chosŏn in the early second century bc."
^Tennant 1996, p. 18: "Retaliation by the Han then brought in refugees from Yan, the most notable of whom was a war lord, Weiman ('Wiman'in Korean), who somewhere about 200 BC led his followers into the territory held by Choson."
^Xu 2007, p. 220: "Here, Wiman was described as a "Gu Yanren 故燕人"or a person from former Yan. It is confusing because there were two Yans around this period. The first was the Yan state, which was one of the seven states during the Warring States period, and the second was the vassal state of Yan of the Han dynasty."
^창해군 한국민족문화대백과Encyclopedia of Korean Culture

Bibliography

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Cotterell, Arthur (2011).Asia: A Concise History. Singapore: Wiley.ISBN 978-0470825044.
Kim, Jinwung (2012).A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press.ISBN 978-0253000248.
Tennant, Roger (1996).History Of Korea. Routledge.ISBN 978-0710305329.
Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007).That glorious ancient history of our nation. University of California, Los Angeles.ISBN 9780549440369.
Lee, Hyun-Hee; Park, Sung-Soo; Yoon, Nae-Hyun (2005).New History of Korea. Korean Studies Series. Vol. 30. Paju, Gyeonggi: Jimundang.ISBN 978-8-9880-9585-0.
Peterson, Mark; Margulies, Phillip (2009).A Brief History of Korea. New York: Infobase Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.
Sima, Qian; Watson, Burton (1993).Records of the Grand Historian. Vol. Han Dynasty II. Translated by Watson, Burton (Revised ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0231081672.
Yap, Joseph P.; Sima Guang (2009). "Chapter 5. 109 BC".Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation FromZizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse.ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4.