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The Viscount Astor | |
|---|---|
 William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor | |
| Member of theHouse of Lords Lord Temporal | |
| In office 1 January 1916 – 18 October 1919 Hereditary peerage | |
| Preceded by | Peerage created |
| Succeeded by | The 2nd Viscount Astor |
| Member of theNew York Senate from the 10th district | |
| In office 1 January 1880 – 31 December 1881 | |
| Preceded by | Daniel B. St. John |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Koch |
| Member of theNew York State Assembly from theNew York County's 11th district | |
| In office 1 January 1878 – 31 December 1878 | |
| Preceded by | Elliot C. Cowdin |
| Succeeded by | James M. Varnum |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Waldorf Astor (1848-03-31)31 March 1848 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | 18 October 1919(1919-10-18) (aged 71) Brighton, Sussex, England |
| Political party | Republican (US) |
| Spouse | |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Relatives | SeeAstor family |
| Alma mater | Columbia Law School |
William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor[1] (31 March 1848 – 18 October 1919) was an American-English attorney, politician, hotelier, publisher and philanthropist. Astor was a scion of the very wealthyAstor family ofNew York City. He moved toEngland in 1891, became a British subject in 1899, and was made a peer as Baron Astor in 1916 andViscount Astor in 1917 for his contributions to war charities. Thecensus-designated place ofWaldorf, Maryland is named after him.
William Waldorf Astor was born inNew York City. He was the only child of the financier and philanthropistJohn Jacob Astor III and Charlotte Augusta Gibbes. He studied inGermany and inItaly under the care of private tutors and a governess.
In his early adult years, Astor returned to the United States and went toColumbia Law School, graduating with a LL.B. in 1875.[2] He was called to the United States Bar in 1875.[3] He worked for a short time in law practice and in the management of his father's estate of financial and real estate holdings.
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Astor married Mary Dahlgren Paul on 6 June 1878. She is buried inTrinity Church Cemetery Manhattan. They had five children:[4]
After some time practising law, Astor thought he had found his true calling and an opportunity to make a name for himself outside of his family's fortune by entering the political realm. In 1877, with his eyes set on the United States Congress, Astor entered New York City politics as aRepublican.[5]
He was elected as a member of theNew York State Assembly (New York Co., 11th D.) in1878; and of theNew York State Senate (10th D.) in1880 and1881.[6] Astor was likely supported by the boss of the New York State Republican machine,Roscoe Conkling, with whom his family was involved.
In 1880, theMaryland General Assembly voted to renameBeantown inCharles County, Maryland "Waldorf" in honor of him.
In 1881, Astor was defeated byRoswell P. Flower as a candidate for theUnited States Congress.[6] A second attempt at the seat also resulted in defeat. His shy nature could not handle the political attacks on his character. This was the end of his political career. The press used his political failures as fodder for harsh criticisms.[7]
In 1882, PresidentChester A. Arthur appointed AstorMinister toItaly, a post he held until 1885. He told Astor, "Go and enjoy yourself, my dear boy."[8] While living inRome, Astor developed a lifelong passion for art and sculpture.
Upon the death of his father in February 1890, Astor inherited a personal fortune that made him the second richest man in America. Economists widely agree thatJohn D. Rockefeller was the wealthiest American of that time.
In 1890 Astor initiated the construction of the luxurious Waldorf Hotel on the site of his former residence. At 13 stories high, it overshadowed the adjacent mansion of his aunt, the socialiteCaroline "Lina" Schermerhorn Astor. Lina complained bitterly about the commercial establishment next door. However, in 1897, her sonJohn Jacob Astor IV persuaded her to move away and replaced their mansion with the slightly larger in height and width Astoria Hotel, which was operated as an extension of the Waldorf; the complex became theWaldorf-Astoria Hotel.
In the meantime, the friction had blown up into a feud. Aunt Lina also insisted that she, not William's wife Mary, wasthe Mrs. Astor in New York society, just as she had when that title belonged to her husband's elder brother's wife, Charlotte Astor, when she was alive.
As a result of the conflict, Astor moved with his wife and children to England. He rentedLansdowne House inLondon until 1893. That year, he purchased a country estate,Cliveden inTaplow,Buckinghamshire, from theDuke of Westminster.In 1899, William Waldorf Astor picked up British citizenship, which drew him further away from American history.
To disappear from public view, in the summer of 1892, Astor faked his own death by having his staff report to American reporters that he had died, apparently from pneumonia.[9] However, the ruse was soon discovered, and Astor was mocked in the press.
In 1895, he built agothic mansion on London'sVictoria Embankment atTwo Temple Place overlooking theRiver Thames. He commissioned architectJohn Loughborough Pearson to design a $1.5 million building, a "crenellated Tudor stronghold"[10] which he used as an office for managing his extensive holdings.[11][12][13][14][15]
Astor made several business acquisitions while he lived in London. In 1892, he purchased thePall Mall Gazette, and in 1893 established thePall Mall Magazine. In 1911 he acquiredThe Observer, a national newspaper. In 1912 he sold theMagazine, and in 1914 made a present of theGazette andThe Observer, with the building in Newton Street and its contents, to his sonWaldorf Astor.[3]
In 1903, he acquired theHever Castle Estate nearEdenbridge, Kent, about 30 miles south of London. The estate of over 3,500 acres had at its centre a castle built in 1270 whereAnne Boleyn lived as a child. Astor invested a great deal of time and money in restoring the castle, building what is known as the "Tudor Village", and creating a lake and lavish gardens. He also added the Italian Garden (includingfernery) to display his collection of statuary and ornaments.[16]
In 1906, he gave his eldest son Waldorf Astor and his new daughter-in-law,Nancy Witcher Langhorne, the Cliveden estate as well as theSancy diamond as wedding presents. Nancy Astor (as she became on her marriage) became Britain's first seated female Member of Parliament.
In 1908, building on his success with the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, Astor financedthe Waldorf Hotel in London's West End.
Astor became a British subject in 1899. He continued his philanthropic activities, like his father. Among the charities he supported were theHospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street (to which he gave $250,000 in 1903);University College London (including a gift of £20,000 in 1902 for professorships[17]); the Cancer Research Fund;Oxford University;Cambridge University; theNational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; theBritish Red Cross Society;Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum; theSoldiers and Sailors Families Association; and the Women's Memorial to Queen Victoria. His gifts to war charities included $125,000 to the Prince of Wales's National Relief Fund; a similar amount to Princess Louise's Officers' Families Fund; $200,000 to the British Red Cross; $25,000 to Queen Mary's Employment Committee; and a similar sum to the Lord Mayor's National Bands Fund. He gave $5,000 toKing Edward's Hospital Fund annually starting with its founding in 1897.[3]
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In recognition of his work for charity, on 1 January 1916, he was offered and accepted apeerage of the United Kingdom under the title ofBaron Astor. On 3 June 1917, he was elevated to the rank ofviscount as theViscount Astor.[3] The elevation was controversial, as some felt that a rich American had bought his way into the English aristocracy.
On 18 October 1919, he unexpectedly died ofheart failure in the lavatory of his seaside house atBrighton inSussex.[18][19] His ashes were buried under the marble floor of the Astor family chapel (also called theOctagon Temple) at Cliveden.[20]
Viscount Astor died yesterday morning. His death, which was from heart disease, was unexpected.
"Astor, William Waldorf".The Biographical Dictionary of America. Vol. 1. 1906. pp. 157–158.
| New York State Assembly | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | New York State Assembly New York County, 11th District 1878 | Succeeded by |
| New York State Senate | ||
| Preceded by | New York State Senate 10th District 1880–1881 | Succeeded by |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Viscount Astor 1917–1919 | Succeeded by |
| Baron Astor 1916–1919 | ||
| Chargé d'Affaires | |
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| Minister Resident | |
| Chargé d'Affaires | |
| Minister Resident | |
| Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | |
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | |
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | |
