William Weitling | |
|---|---|
 A photograph of Wilhelm Weitling | |
| Born | Wilhelm Weitling (1808-10-05)October 5, 1808 |
| Died | January 25, 1871(1871-01-25) (aged 62) New York City, U.S. |
| Occupations | Tailor,activist |
Wilhelm Christian Weitling (German:[ˈvaɪ̯tlɪŋ]; October 5, 1808 – January 25, 1871) was a German tailor, inventor, radical political activist and one of the first theorists ofcommunism. Weitling gained fame in Europe as a social theorist before he immigrated to the United States.[1]
In addition to his extensive political writing, Weitling was a successful inventor of attachments for commercial sewing machines, including devices for double-stitching and the creation of button holes.
Wilhelm Christian Weitling was born inMagdeburg,Westphalia, the son of Christiane Weitling and Guilliaume Terijon. Weitling's father was a young French officer who wasbilleted in occupied Prussia, who met and fell in love with Weitling's mother, a household maid.[2] His parents never married, with his father dying in the ill-fated 1812French invasion of Russia.[3]
Weitling was raised in dire poverty, frequently in the care of others while his mother eked out a meager living as a maid and cook.[3] His formal education was minimal, limited to elementary study in the public school of Magdeburg and such reading as he was able to do on his own at the local library.[4] He was raised as aRoman Catholic through the age of 12, and read the Bible attentively, retaining an ability to quote scripture throughout his life.[4] In keeping with the dual nationality of his birth, Weitling was bilingual inFrench andGerman, learningEnglish as well as the basics ofItalian later in his life.[4]
Weitling wasapprenticed to a tailor at an early age, living with his master and learning the skill of tailoring garments for women and men thoroughly.[5] He became ajourneyman at the age of 18, leaving his hometown to travel across theGerman states in search of employment.[6] He landed in the city ofLeipzig in 1830, where he began to take an interest in politics and to try his hand at the writing of satirical poetry.[7] He made his way toDresden in the fall of 1832 and from there toVienna in 1834, where he worked fabricating artificial flowers and decorations for women's clothing.[8]
In the fall of 1837 Weitling immigrated toParis, a city which he had briefly visited two years before.[9] He would remain there for four years,[9] becoming deeply involved in the radical political ideas of the day, in particular the writings ofFourier,Owen andCabet.
After joining theLeague of the Just in 1837, Weitling joinedParisian workers in protests and street battles in 1839.Tristram Hunt called his doctrine "a highly emotional mix ofBabouvistcommunism, chiliastic Christianity, and millenarian populism":
In conformity with the work of the Christian radicalFelicité de Lamennais, Weitling urged installing communism by physical force with the help of a 40,000-strong army of ex-convicts. A prelapsariancommunity of goods, fellowship, and societal harmony would then ensue, directed by Weitling himself. WhileMarx andEngels struggled with the intricacies of industrial capitalism and modern modes of production, Weitling revived the apocalyptic politics of the sixteenth-centuryMünster Anabaptists and their gory attempts to usher in theSecond Coming. Much to Marx and Engels's annoyance, Weitling's giddy blend of evangelism and protocommunism attracted thousands of dedicated disciples across the Continent.[10]
In 1838, he published his first work,Die Menschheit, wie sie ist und wie sie sein sollte (The human race as it is, and as it should be), which was translated into Hungarian and other languages.
In 1841, after the abortive rebellion of theBlanquists, he went toSwitzerland, visitingGeneva,Vevey andLangenthal in thecanton of Bern, and finally settling inZürich in 1843. At all these places, he promoted the doctrines of communism with his preaching and publications, including the 1842 workGarantien der Harmonie und Freiheit (Guarantees of harmony and freedom).
Weitling's workDas Evangelium eines armen Sünders (The Poor Sinner's Gospel) came out in 1845, but by this time the attention of the Swiss authorities had been attracted. He was arrested and prosecuted forrevolutionary agitation, includingblasphemy on account of having published a text which depictedJesus Christ as both a communist and theillegitimate child ofMary. Found guilty, he was given a six-month sentence.[11]
On his release, he was deported back to Prussia. He resided for a time inHamburg, but then left on a journey which took him to London,Treves,Brussels and New York City.
In Weitling's 1847 bookGospel of Poor Sinners, he traced communism back to early Christianity.[12][13]
Upon the outbreak of therevolutions of 1848 in Germany, Weitling returned to Germany, preaching his communism to little effect. When the revolutions failed in 1849, he returned to New York thus becoming one of theForty-Eighters.[14]
His bookGuarantees of Harmony and Freedom was praised byBruno Bauer,Ludwig Feuerbach andMikhail Bakunin, the latter of whom Weitling was to meet inZürich in 1843.[15]Karl Marx, in an article from 1844, referred to Weitling's work as the "vehement and brilliant literary debut of the German workers,"[16] AlthoughJohn Spargo suggested that "what won from Marx this high-sounding praise was simply the fact that Weitling's appeals were addressed to the workers as a class",[17] Marx himself emphasized Weitling's theoretical and philosophical "brilliance," which compared favorably to the more "economically" inclined English workers and the more practical "politically" oriented French workers.[18]
Weitling continued his activism on behalf of communism in the United States. In January 1850, he began the publication of a monthly journal,Die Republik der Arbeiter. By the end of the year, it had a circulation of 4,000. Toward the end of his life he turned from activism to technological and astronomical studies. For seven years, he was register at Castle Garden. He received nine patents for improvements tosewing machines, among which were double stitch, button hole and embroidery attachments. He received a patent for a dress-trimming crimper which he had worked on for 17 years, and on his death left several unfinished machines.[19]
He participated with the experimental German-American settlement ofCommunia, Iowa. Weitling died in New York City. A widow and six children survived him.[19]
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