 | Thisguideline documents an English Wikipedianaming convention. Editors should generally follow it, thoughexceptions may apply.Substantive edits to this page should reflectconsensus. When in doubt, discuss first onthis guideline's talk page. |
The choice of a style does not mean that other conventions are worse, or wrong. The sole purpose is to enable consistency among a large number of Wikipedia articles. Completed Wikipedia articles should mention the fact that other usages exist and in which contexts they are preferred.
Where applicable this style guide draws on theCountry Compendium issued by the European Commission Directorate-General for Translation.[1]
In general, for reasons of stylistic and regional consistency, the variety of English used in Germany articles is that which is recommended by the European Commission in its English Style Guide,[2] i.e. the standard usage of Britain and Ireland, usually referred to as British English.
For conventions associated withAustrian articles seeWikipedia:WikiProject Austria/Conventions.
The Wikipedia convention is to use the full German alphabet in proper names, in line with the broader Wikipedia convention of using local Latin alphabets. The full German alphabet comprises 26 primary letters plus "ä", "ö", "ü" and "ß". It may be helpful to explain near the top of an article how to represent the 4 non-English letters e.g. "ß" as "ss".
Where an English form of name for a king or prince is in common use, Wikipedia employs that as the headword for an article. Within the article, the German form should be mentioned at least once.
Wikipedia spells out names and does not employ German abbreviation systems whose significance is not understood in English, e.g. "v." forvon.
Titles of historic royalty and contemporary family heads and their immediate family are translated into English in Wikipedia. The convention is to include the royal titles in headwords. This is set out atWikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility).
Titles of contemporary persons who merely use the title as a consistent and de facto part of their surname are not translated in Wikipedia, e.g.Otto Graf Lambsdorff. This German-language word (not the English form) appears in the headword as if it were a regular surname.
Wikipedia translates and places ecclesiastical titles outside the name of the person, e.g. CardinalGeorg Sterzinsky, not "Georg Kardinal Sterzinsky". This convention is set out atWikipedia:Naming conventions (clergy). The title is not part of the headword.
In the absence of a common English name, the current local spelling of a city is used by convention in Wikipedia. Some cities in Germany have English spellings distinct from the German, for example:
Wikipedia uses these English names for the states of:
For the other states, Wikipedia uses an English name orthographically identical to the German name (includingBaden-Württemberg withü).Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has been adopted as the English form of the name of the state created in 1990, although Pomerania is acceptable for all other uses. Formal names such as "Free State of ..." need to be mentioned early in the article text.
For the seven Bavarian administrative regions derived from the above, Wikipedia uses non-vernacular names:
Wikipedia uses English names for other contemporary geographic features when the English usage is (1) universal or (2) the feature crosses language boundaries or (3) derived terms are in common use:
Wikipedia uses the names from authoritative English language geographical sources such as Dickinson (1964)[3] and Elkins (1972)[4]. SeeNatural regions of Germany and its linked pages. Some examples include:
Where no English source can be found, the conventions below, which are derived from authoritative sources, are applied if possible.
The 2 main rules are: "Use English" and "Use the original if there is no established English usage". However the use of compound nouns in German, where a proper noun and an ordinary noun are combined, complicates the issue. There is no simple answer, but the following guidance is based on the translation practice of place names in authoritative geographical sources, major dictionaries and tourist guides. There are 3 broad categories:
Use the original full German word, unless there is an accepted English equivalent:
Split the compound word, do not translate the proper noun, unless it has an accepted English equivalent, and translate the ordinary noun e.g.tal as "Valley" ortalbrücke as "Viaduct":
Not compound nouns, but added for completeness. There are two words in German; leave the proper noun in the original, but translate the ordinary noun:
For historical geographic entities, such asPrussia andWagria, Wikipedia uses the traditional English name.
In line with most other national sections of Wikipedia, the headwords and links for German universities are descriptive and short and take the form: University of [[Placename]]. Qualifiers such as "technical", patron names or provincial names should only be prefixed if there are multiple universities in the same town, e.g.Humboldt University of Berlin. The full German name should be reproduced near the top of the relevant article. If the university claims an "official" English name, this should also be mentioned, though this may not be the same as the headword. Schools that do not confer doctorates should be termed colleges or schools in the headwords.
The translation of present-day administrative units (e.g.Länder,Kreise) should generally follow the recommendations of theDirectorate-General for Translation of theEuropean Commission,[5] unless the context or other guidelines suggest otherwise. A summary of German terms and their English equivalent from the style guide is given below:
The following are examples of the main conventions used in rail transport. For further explanation and detail see the link above.
Company names are in title case e.g.Royal Bavarian State Railways orDeutsche Bahn. Note that historical names are usually translated (exception:Deutsche Reichsbahn).
In line with the general guidelines set out atWikipedia:Naming conventions (settlements), articles on places in Germany go underplacename without any further higher-level division.
Wikipedia does not use the German-language system ofhyphenating the subdivisions of municipalities, as this meaning is not intelligible in English, e.g.Spandau, not "Berlin-Spandau". The article explains in the text that this is a place in Berlin. Exception:Bergen-Belsen. However hyphens are retained in town names where the first word is an adjective, e.g.Groß-Gerau,Neu-Ulm, or the town was created by amerger, e.g.Clausthal-Zellerfeld.
German placenames often employ a native disambiguation system where the name of a river or region is added to a town name. These names should be spelled out in full in Wikipedia, because the various German-language abbreviation systems (parentheses, points or forward slashes) are not understood in English, e.g.Linz am Rhein, not "Linz/Rhein" or "Linz (Rhein)",Dillingen an der Donau, not "Dillingen a.d. Donau".
Where disambiguation among like-named places is still needed, specifiers from the native disambiguation system detailed above are used first. If there is no such specifier, the locality names go under [[placename, state]] (the "comma convention", where the name is followed with a comma, a space and the name of the state), as was suggested in the now-inactive projectWikipedia:WikiProject German districts, e.g.Bergen, Lower Saxony to distinguish fromBergen in Norway,Bergen in Hesse and other similarly named places. If there is more than one location within a state, the highest possible administrative division should be used to disambiguate, e.g.Bruckberg, Lower Bavaria andBruckberg, Middle Franconia.
Where one of the like-named places is a state capital or major urban centre, such asBerlin, its name stands alone, while its smaller counterpart is distinguished by a specifier as described above, e.g.Berlin (Seedorf). Likewise, Wikipedia usesFrankfurt, notFrankfurt am Main, unless discussing German usage (or, perhaps, explicitly disambiguating fromFrankfurt an der Oder).
Where disambiguation among entity types is needed, use Wikipedia's parentheses convention, e.g.Braunschweig andBraunschweig (region). For the administrative unitsAmt,Verbandsgemeinde,Samtgemeinde andVerwaltungsgemeinschaft, use the German term in parentheses if disambiguation is needed, e.g.Hankensbüttel (Samtgemeinde) (vs.Hankensbüttel) andMarne-Land (no disambiguation necessary).
River names are not used in Wikipedia as disambiguating terms in parentheses, since their meaning, especially in the case of minor streams, is not intelligible to English-speaking readers outside Germany.
German place names are disambiguated in three main ways:
