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Before placing templates on a page it is worthwhile to consider whether it should in fact be included in Wikipedia according toWikipedia:What Wikipedia is not. Some articles can be tagged forspeedy deletion or marked as anarticle for deletion.
It is useful to add the date of the request (or sometimes, a bot will assist by doing it automatically) by appending |date=monthyear to the template code, like this: {{Unreferenced|date=October 2025}} to produce this:
 | This articledoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved. Find sources: "Sources of articles" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(October 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
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| {{BLP unreferenced section}} category links talk edit |
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| Tag | Individual message boxes, text that will be shown, and usage notes. (Boxes for both the top of an article, or a specific section of an article) | ||
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| {{citations broken from PEIS limit}} category links talk edit |
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| {{page numbers improve}} category links talk edit |
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| {{page numbers needed}} category links talk edit |
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| {{wrong ISBN}} category links talk edit |
| Tag | Background info from Wikipedia namespace |
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| {{according to whom}} links talk edit | [according to whom?] |
| {{additional citation needed}} links talk edit | [additional citation(s) needed] |
| {{attribution needed}} links talk edit | [attribution needed] |
| {{better source needed}} links talk edit | [better source needed] |
| {{better source needed example}} links talk edit | [better source needed] Links toself-sourcing examples |
| {{by whom}} links talk edit | [by whom?] |
| {{chronology citation needed}} links talk edit | [chronology citation needed] |
| {{circular reference}} links talk edit | [circular reference] When the sources copy Wikipedia material directly |
| {{circular reporting}} links talk edit | [circular reporting?] For the subtler case when you suspect the sources are based on facts first published at Wikipedia, but they didn't copy it directly |
| {{citation needed}} links talk edit | [citation needed] |
| {{citation needed span}} links talk edit | The sun is hot.[citation needed] |
| {{clarify}} links talk edit | [clarification needed] |
| {{copyvio link}} links talk edit | [infringing link?] |
| {{dead link}} links talk edit | [dead link] |
| {{disambiguation needed}} links talk edit | [disambiguation needed] |
| {{disputed inline}} links talk edit | [disputed –discuss] |
| {{dubious}} links talk edit | [dubious –discuss] |
| {{episode needed}} links talk edit | [episode needed] |
| {{example needed}} links talk edit | [example needed] |
| {{example needed span}} links talk edit | This is a claim that needs one or more examples.[example needed] |
| {{excessive citations inline}} category links talk edit | For abuse of citations, perWikipedia:Citation overkill. [excessive citations] |
| {{explain}} links talk edit | [further explanation needed] |
| {{failed verification}} links talk edit | [failed verification] |
| {{full citation needed}} links talk edit | [full citation needed] |
| {{how}} links talk edit | [how?] |
| {{medical citation needed}} links talk edit | [medical citation needed] |
| {{medical citation needed span}} links talk edit | This is an uncited biomedical claim.[medical citation needed] |
| {{nonspecific}} links talk edit | [not specific enough to verify] |
| {{not verified in body}} links talk edit | [not verified in body] |
| {{original research inline}} links talk edit | [original research?] |
| {{page needed}} links talk edit | [page needed] |
| {{primary source inline}} links talk edit | [non-primary source needed] |
| {{quantify}} links talk edit | [quantify] |
| {{quote without source}} links talk edit | [This quote needs a citation] |
| {{registration required}} category links talk edit | (registration required) |
| {{request quotation}} links talk edit | [need quotation to verify] |
| {{season needed}} links talk edit | [season and episode needed] |
| {{self-published inline}} category links talk edit | [self-published source?] |
| {{self-published source}} category links talk edit | [self-published source] |
| {{specify}} category links talk edit | [specify] |
| {{synthesis inline}} links talk edit | [improper synthesis?] |
| {{third-party inline}} links talk edit | [independent source needed] |
| {{unreliable medical source}} links talk edit | [unreliable medical source?] |
| {{unreliable source?}} links talk edit | [unreliable source?] |
| {{update after}} links talk edit | [needs update] |
| {{user-generated inline}} category links talk edit | [user-generated source?] |
| {{user-generated source}} category links talk edit | [user-generated source] |
| {{vague}} links talk edit | [vague] |
| {{verify quote}} links talk edit | [verify] |
| {{verify source}} links talk edit | [verification needed] |
| {{volume needed}} links talk edit | [volume & issue needed] |
| {{when}} links talk edit | [when?] |
| {{where}} links talk edit | [where?] |
| {{which}} links talk edit | [which?] |
| {{who}} links talk edit | [who?] |
| {{whose quote}} links talk edit | [who said this?] |
| {{why}} links talk edit | [why?] |
| {{year missing}} links talk edit | [year missing] Use when the year of publication of a source is needed |
| {{year needed}} links talk edit | [year needed] Use when the date of an event is needed |
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| {{find sources}} links talk edit | Find sources: Google (books ·news ·scholar ·free images ·WP refs) ·FENS ·JSTOR ·TWL |
| {{search}} links talk edit | () |
| Main namespace | |
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| Other namespaces | |
| All namespaces | |
| Navboxes with templates |
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| Search | |
These templates can be added to articles (close to the end of the article, in theReferences orExternal links section, for example). Before adding the template to an article, check the details of the usage—some templates require parameters such as a URL. Most of these templates add the articles to the categoryWikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government.
| Template | Display |
|---|---|
| {{US Air Force}}Talk |  This article incorporatespublic domain material from theUnited States Air Force |
| {{AFHRA}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from theAir Force Historical Research Agency |
| {{Bioguide}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromBiographical Directory of the United States Congress.Federal government of the United States. |
| {{CDC}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. |
| {{CIA World Factbook}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromThe World Factbook.CIA. |
| {{USCG}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Coast Guard. |
| {{Country study}}Talk | This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Country Studies.Federal Research Division. |
| {{DADS}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromPaul E. Black.Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures.NIST. |
| {{DANFS}}Talk | This article incorporates text from thepublic domainDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. |
| {{DHS}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Department of Homeland Security. |
| {{DoE}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Department of Energy. |
| {{FJC Bio}}Talk | John Joseph Gibbons at theBiographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of theFederal Judicial Center. |
| {{FS1037C}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromFederal Standard 1037C.General Services Administration. Archived fromthe original on 22 January 2022. |
| {{FS1037C MS188}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromFederal Standard 1037C.General Services Administration. Archived fromthe original on 22 January 2022. (in support ofMIL-STD-188). |
| {{GHR}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromGenetics Home Reference.United States National Library of Medicine. |
| {{Marine Corps}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Marine Corps. |
| {{NARA}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Archives and Records Administration. |
| {{NASA}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration. |
| {{NCBI-handbook}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromNCBI Handbook.National Center for Biotechnology Information. |
| {{NCBI-scienceprimer}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromScience Primer.NCBI. Archived fromthe original on 8 December 2009. |
| {{NCI-cancer-dict}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromDictionary of Cancer Terms.U.S. National Cancer Institute. |
| {{NHC}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNaval History and Heritage Command. |
| {{NIMH}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Institute of Mental Health. |
| {{NIOSH}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. |
| {{NIST-PD}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from theNational Institute of Standards and Technology |
| {{NLM content}}Talk | This article incorporates text from theUnited States National Library of Medicine, which is in thepublic domain. |
| {{NPS}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Park Service. |
| {{NTSB}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Transportation Safety Board. |
| {{NVR}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from theNaval Vessel Register. |
| {{OSGguide}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theSolicitor General of the United States. |
| {{Recreation.Gov}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromRecreation.gov.Federal government of the United States. |
| {{US DOS}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Department of State. |
| {{US DOS Background Notes}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material fromU.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State. |
| {{US Army}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Army. |
| {{USACE.Army.Mil}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Army Corps of Engineers. |
| {{USDA}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Department of Agriculture. |
| {{HHS content}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Department of Health and Human Services. |
| {{USGS}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Geological Survey. |
| {{USGovernment}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States government. |
| {{USGovernment-Navy}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Navy. |
| {{USGovernment-courts}}Talk | This article incorporates written opinion of aUnited States federal court. As awork of theU.S. federal government, the text is in thepublic domain. |
| {{Usgs-gazetteer}}Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from" ".Geographic Names Information System.United States Geological Survey. |
FromCategory:United States State government attribution templates:
| Template | Display |
|---|---|
| {{CAGovernment}} | This article incorporates text from {{{sourceURL}}}, apublic domain work of theGovernment of California. |
| {{California tourist guide}} | Drury, Wells; Drury, Aubrey (1913).California tourist guide and handbook: authentic description of routes of travel and points of interest in California. Western guidebook company. p. {{{1}}}. Retrieved16 June 2009. |
| {{FLGovernment}} | This article incorporates text from {{{sourceURL}}}, apublic domain work of theGovernment of Florida. |
| {{Geological Survey of California}} | Geological Survey of California (1865).Geology. Caxton Press of Sherman & Co. p. {{{1}}}. |
| {{Include-ILCS}} | This article incorporatespublic domain material from theIllinois Compiled Statutes. |
| {{Natural Wealth of California}} | Cronise, Titus Fey (1868).The Natural Wealth of California: Comprising Early History; Geography, Topography, and Scenery; Climate; Agriculture and Commercial Products; Geology, Zoology, and Botany; Mineralogy, Mines, and Mining Processes; Manufactures; Steamship Lines, Railroads, and Commerce; Immigration, Population and Society; Educational Institutions and Literature; Together with a Detailed Description of Each County; Its Topography, Scenery, Cities and Towns, Agricultural Advantages, Mineral Resources, and Varied Productions. H.H. Bancroft & Company. |
| {{NHStateBuilders}} | This article incorporates text from the 1903State Builders; An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century by George Franklyn Willey, a book now in the public domain. Please feel free to update the text but please maintain the proper citations on the information from that source. |
Some of the reference types below use named fields (such as Title=Electric Power Monthly). In these references, you must use theexact field name (capitalization matters). Fields are separated with pipe (|) characters. The order of the fields does not matter.
| What to type | What it makes | Where it goes |
|---|---|---|
| {{1728}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728).Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{1771 Britannica}} Talk | This article incorporates text from the 1771Encyclopædia Britannica, which is in thepublic domain. | Articles near bottom |
| {{1911}} Talk |  This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{Sect1911}} Talk | This section incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles at the end of a section |
| {{WD1913}} Talk | This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. Porter, Noah, ed. (1913).Webster's Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature}} Talk |  This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Cousin, John William (1910).A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – viaWikisource. | Articles near bottom |
| {{Catholic}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{DCBL}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., eds. (1911).Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century (3rd ed.). London: John Murray.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{DNB}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{Eastons}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897).Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles at top |
| {{Etude}} Talk | Articles near bottom | |
| {{Gray's}} Talk | This article incorporates text in thepublic domain from the 20th edition ofGray's Anatomy(1918) | Articles near bottom |
| {{Grocers}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Ward, Artemas (1911). "The Grocer's Encyclopedia".The Grocer's Encyclopedia. | Articles near bottom |
| {{GSE}} Talk | GSE:{{{1}}} | Articles near bottom |
| {{JargonFile}} Talk | This article is based in part on theJargon File, which is in the public domain. | Articles near bottom |
| {{JewishEncyclopedia}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906).The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{KeyTarot}} Talk | This article incorporates text from thepublic domain 1910 bookThe Pictorial Key to the TarotbyArthur Edward Waite. Please feel free to update the text. | Articles near bottom |
| {{NHC}} Talk | This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNaval History and Heritage Command. | Articles near bottom |
| {{Owl}} Talk |  This article contains content from theOwl Edition ofNordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in thepublic domain. | Articles near bottom |
| {{RBD}} Talk | This article includes content derived from theRussian Biographical Dictionary, 1896–1918. | Articles near bottom |
| {{Schaff-Herzog}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication in thepublic domain: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914).New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{SeyffertDCA}} Talk | This article incorporates text from thepublic domain Dictionary of Classical Antiquities byOskar Seyffert, edited byHenry Nettleship andJ. E. Sandys (1894). | Articles near bottom |
| {{SmithDGRA}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{DGRBM}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help) | Articles near bottom |
| {{DGRG}} Talk | This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. | Articles near bottom |
| {{Vectorsite}} Talk | The initial version of this article was based on apublic domain article fromGreg Goebel's Vectorsite. | Articles Reference |
For interwiki translation and other copying, seeWikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia.
| What to type | What it makes | Where it goes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{Citizendium}} Talk | This article incorporates material from theCitizendium article "Template index/Sources of articles", which is licensed under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under theGFDL. | Articles near bottom | ||
| {{from Camerapedia}} Talk | This article was originally based on one in Camerapedia, retrieved at an unknown date under theGNU Free Documentation License. | Articles bottom | ||
| {{FOLDOC}} Talk | This article is based on material taken from theFree On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of theGFDL, version 1.3 or later. | Articles near bottom | ||
| {{OpenHistory}} Talk | This article incorporates text from OpenHistory. | Articles near bottom | ||
| {{wookieepedia content}} Talk |
| Talk pages |
Notes:
| What to type | What it makes |
|---|---|
| {{ITIS|ID=|taxon=|accessdate=}} Talk | "Genus species".Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved1 January 2004. |
| {{FishBase species|genus=|species=|year=|month=}} Talk | Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Genus species".FishBase. January 2004 version. |
| {{FishBase species alt|ID=|taxon=|year=|month=}} Talk | Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2004).Genus species inFishBase. January 2004 version. |
| {{FishBase_genus|genus=|year=|month=}} Talk | Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Species in genusGenus".FishBase. Month Year version. |
| {{FishBase family|family=|year=|month=}} Talk | Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Family Family".FishBase. Month Year version. |
| {{Cite iucn|author=|title=|year=|ID=}} Talk | Lastname, Firstname Initial (2022). "Title".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2022. 1234.{{cite iucn}}: error: no identifier (help) |
| {{Gutenberg | no=6656 | name=The Kiltartan Poetry Book}} Talk | |
| {{MathWorld | urlname=PetersenGraph | title=Petersen Graph}} Talk | Weisstein, Eric W."Petersen Graph".MathWorld. |
| {{ScienceWorld | urlname=biography/Einstein.html | title=Albert Einstein}} Talk | Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.)."Albert Einstein".ScienceWorld. |
| The Encyclopedia of World History at Bartleby.com {{worldhistory|section=|quote=}} |
Example: {{worldhistory|section=716|quote=Diderot's encyclopedia banned in 1751}} |
| USGSGeographic Names Information System {{Cite gnis|id|name|type=}} | Example: {{Cite gnis|2410240|Cotati}} |
| USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature {{Gpn|id|name}} | Example: {{Gpn|65876|Stickney}} |
| UDOT Traffic Statistics {{UDOT AADT|year=}} | Example: {{UDOT AADT|year=2023}} |
Citation templates are used to formatreference citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations manually. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject toconsensus.Since templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with aconsistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus; seeWP:CITECONSENSUS andWP:CITEVAR. Thevarious citation templates may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format.
WP:DUPLINK andWP:OVERLINK do not apply to citations. It is expected that a reference citation includes wikilinks to the relevant article for the source, such asThe New York Times, rather thanThe New York Times.
For a citation to appear in a footnote, it has to be enclosed in<ref>...</ref> tags. InVisualEditor, a reference citation can be automatically inserted this way with formatting using the
button found in the VisualEditor toolbar. (SeeHelp:Introduction to referencing with VisualEditor § Adding references.) In the2017 wikitext editor, the same button can be used to automatically generate markup.
If this is on a newly created page or if the page has no references previously cited (e.g., a section named "References" containing{{reflist}}), it is necessary to create a section usually named "References" or "Notes" near the end of the page as per the page order atMOS:ORDER; seeWP:FNNR andMOS:APPENDIX for the style guideline on naming a section:
==References=={{Reflist}}
or
==Notes=={{Reflist}}
Add anameattribute when creating a footnote<ref name="name">citation text</ref>. Thereafter, the footnote may be referenced by just using the following expression<ref name="name" />.
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, there are two main methods of unifying them instead of duplicating the citation. One method isShortened footnotes, which automatically displays an entirely new reference listing in the "References" section per unique page citation. Another method is to use the template{{rp}} appended after the closing ref tag, which appends any type of positional information (such as page numbers, chapter numbers, or audiovisual time code) directly to each citation in the article body. This would result, for example, in the insertion of text such as: 234 , directing readers specifically to page 234 of the source named in the relevant footnote.
Wikilinks to citation templates can be created using the templates{{harv}},{{harvnb}},{{harvtxt}},{{sfn}}, etc. For example, this "Mumford 1999 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMumford1999 (help)" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest when usingshortened footnotes.[1] (See theexamples below orwikilinks to full references.)
{{Citation}} creates a citation in the same format as most of theCitation Style 1 templates, except that the periods (or full stops) are replaced with commas, and there is no final period or full stop. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by{{citation}} can be found at{{citation/core}}. The parameter|mode= can be used to alter the punctuation.
The quote parameter may be used to include short, directly relevant excerpts from a source to support article content. It is not typically used, but can provide clarity forverification around specific facts sourced to a lengthy text; to eliminate ambiguity around controversial, disputed, or extraordinary claims; or in cases when a source is not available online. In addition, sources that are not readily available to readers because they are off-line or behind a paywall may meet the requirements ofWP:DYKCITE by providing "a direct quotation from the source". If an article is aWP:DYK nominee, the quote parameter can be used to satisfy this requirement.
To comply withfair use, material in the quote parameter must not reproduce significant portions of the source. In addition, material must be directly relevant to the content it's being used to support and the quote parameter must not be used to introduce extraneous or supplemental facts.
An example of appropriate use of the quote parameter is seen in endnote 5 ofversion 1295435336 of theBlankspot article.
Below are examples of how to use varioustemplates to cite abook,encyclopedia,journal,website,comic strip,video,editorial comics, etc.
For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see:Wikipedia:Citation tools.
Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see:Wikipedia:Footnotes.
| Source | Template | Common usage | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| book | {{cite book}} title | {{cite book| last=| first=| author-link=| title=| publisher=| series=| volume=| edition=| date=| location=| pages=| language=| url=| doi=| id=| isbn=| mr=| zbl=| jfm=}} | {{cite book| last= Mumford| first= David| author-link= David Mumford| title= The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes| publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]| series= Lecture Notes in Mathematics| volume= 1358| edition= 2nd expanded| location= Berlin| date= 1999| page= 198| doi= 10.1007/b62130| isbn= 354063293X| mr= 1748380| zbl= 0945.14001}} Mumford, David (1999).The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.). Berlin:Springer-Verlag. p. 198.doi:10.1007/b62130.ISBN 354063293X.MR 1748380.Zbl 0945.14001. {{cite book| last1= Cordell| first1= Bruce R.| first2= Jeff| last2= Grubb| first3=David| last3= Noonan| title=[[Manual of the Planes]]| location= Berlin| publisher=[[Wizards of the Coast]]| pages= 198–203| date= September 2001| isbn= 0-786918-50-0}} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001).Manual of the Planes. Berlin:Wizards of the Coast. pp. 198–203.ISBN 0-786918-50-0. |
| {{Citation}} | {{Citation| last=| first=| author-link=| last2=| first2=| author-link2=| title=| place=| publisher=| series=| volume=| orig-date=| year=| edition=| chapter=| chapter-url=| page=| pages=| language=| url=| archive-url=| archive-date=| doi=| id=| isbn=| mr=| zbl=| jfm=}} | {{Citation| last= Mumford| first= David| author-link= David Mumford| title= The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes| place= Berlin| publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]| series= Lecture Notes in Mathematics| volume= 1358| edition= 2nd expanded| date= 1989| page= 198| doi= 10.1007/b62130| isbn= 354063293X| mr= 1748380| zbl= 0945.14001}} Mumford, David (1998),The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.), Berlin:Springer-Verlag, p. 198,doi:10.1007/b62130,ISBN 354063293X,MR 1748380,Zbl 0945.14001 {{Citation| last1= Cordell| first1= Bruce R.| last2= Grubb| first2= Jeff| last3= Noonan| first3= David| title=[[Manual of the Planes]]| place= Berlin| publisher=[[Wizards of the Coast]]| pages= 198–203| date= September 2001| isbn= 0-786918-50-0}} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001),Manual of the Planes, Berlin:Wizards of the Coast, pp. 198–203,ISBN 0-786918-50-0 | |
| journal paper thesis dissertation See also{{cite thesis}} | {{cite journal}} title | {{cite journal| last=| first=| author-link=| title=| journal=| volume=| issue=| pages=| publisher=| location=| date=| language=| url=| jstor=| issn=| doi=| id=| mr=| zbl=| jfm=| access-date=}} | {{cite journal| author-link= Stephen Brey...| title= Copyright: A Rejo...| journal= UCLA Law Review| volume= 20| pages= 75–83| date= October 1972}} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972). "Copyright: A Rejoinder".UCLA Law Review.20:75–83. {{cite journal| last1= Bailey| first1= David H.| author-link1= David H. Bailey (mathematician)| last2= Borwein| first2= Peter| author-link2= Peter Borwein| last3= Borwein| first3= Jonathan M.| author-link3= Jonathan Borwein| title= The Quest for Pi| journal= Mathematical Intelligencer| volume= 19| issue= 1| pages= 50–57| publisher= Springer-Verlag| location= Berlin| date= 25 June 1997| url= https://www.davidhbailey.com...| issn=0343-6993| doi= 10.1007/BF03024340| mr= 1439159| zbl= 0878.11002}} Bailey, David H.;Borwein, Peter;Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997)."The Quest for Pi"(PDF).Mathematical Intelligencer.19 (1). Berlin: Springer-Verlag:50–57.doi:10.1007/BF03024340.ISSN 0343-6993.MR 1439159.Zbl 0878.11002. |
| {{Citation}} journal (orperiodical) | {{Citation| last=| first=| author-link=| last2=| first2=| author-link2=| title=| journal=| volume=| issue=| pages=| date=| orig-date=| year=| language=| url=| jstor=| archive-url=| archive-date=| doi=| id=| mr=| zbl=| jfm=}} | {{Citation| last= Breyer| first= Stephen| author-link= Stephen Bre...| title= Copyright: A Rejo...| journal= UCLA Law Review| volume= 20| pages= 75–83| date= October 1972}} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972), "Copyright: A Rejoinder",UCLA Law Review,20:75–83 {{Citation| last1= Bailey| first1= David H.| author-link1= David H. Bailey (mathematician)| last2= Borwein| first2= Peter| author-link2= Peter Borwein| last3= Borwein| first3= Jonathan M.| author-link3= Jonathan Borwein| title= The Quest for Pi| journal= Mathematical Intelligencer| volume= 19| issue= 1| pages= 50–57| publisher= Springer-Verlag| location= Berlin| date= 25 June 1997| url= https://www.davidhbailey.com...| issn=0343-6993| doi= 10.1007/BF03024340| mr= 1439159| zbl= 0878.11002}} Bailey, David H.;Borwein, Peter;Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997),"The Quest for Pi"(PDF),Mathematical Intelligencer,19 (1), Berlin: Springer-Verlag:50–57,doi:10.1007/BF03024340,ISSN 0343-6993,MR 1439159,Zbl 0878.11002 | |
| website | {{cite web}} title url | {{cite web| url=| title=| last=| first=| date=| website=| publisher=| access-date=| quote=}} | {{cite web| last= Spiegel| first= Rachel| title= Research: Thalido...| url= http://science-educat...| access-date= 30 April 2006| url-status=dead| archive-url= http://web.archive...| archive-date= 3 March 2006}} Spiegel, Rachel."Research in the News: Thalidomide". Archived fromthe original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved30 April 2006. {{cite web| title=| url=| website=| date=| access-date=}} (Write date as one of the formats shown atMOS:DATE; e.g. {{cite web| last= Hansen| first= James E.| author-link= James E. Hansen| last2= Ruedy| first2= R.| last3= Sato| first3= M.| last4= Lo| first4= K.| title= GISS Surface Temperature An...| website= NASA.gov| publisher= [[Goddard Institute for...| date= December 15, 2005| url= http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...| access-date= September 28, 2006}} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (15 December 2005)."GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation".NASA.gov.NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved28 September 2006. |
| {{Citation}} title url | {{Citation| last=| first=| author-link=| last2=| first2=| author2-link=| title=| publisher=| date=| year=| url=| access-date=}} | {{Citation| last= Spiegel| first= Rachel| title= Research: Thalido...| url=http://science-educat...| access-date= 30 April 2006}} Spiegel, Rachel,Research in the News: Thalidomide, retrieved30 April 2006 {{Citation| last1= Hansen| first1= James E.| author1-link= James Hansen| last2= Ruedy| first2= R.| last3= Sato| first3= M.| last4= Lo| first4= K.| title= GISS Surface Temperature An...| publisher= [[Goddard Institute for ...| date= December 15, 2005| url= http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...| access-date= September 28, 2006}} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (15 December 2005),GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation,NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, retrieved28 September 2006 | |
| comic book | {{cite comic}}[2] | {{cite comic| writer=| penciller=| inker=| story=| title=| volume=| issue=| date=| publisher=| page=| panel=}} | {{cite comic| writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]]| penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]]| inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]]| story=The Fantastic Four!| title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]]| volume=1| issue=1| date=November 1961| publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]| page=3| panel=2}} Lee, Stan (w),Kirby, Jack (p),Rule, Christopher (i). "The Fantastic Four!"The Fantastic Four, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 3/2 (November 1961).Marvel Comics. |
| comic strip | {{cite comic}}[2] | {{cite comic| cartoonist=| strip=| paper=| location=| date=| supplement=| syndicate=| page=}} | {{cite comic| cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]]| strip=[[Steve Canyon]]| paper=Journal Herald| location=Dayton, OH| date=July 15, 1967| supplement=Color Comics Supplement| syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate| page=1}} Caniff, Milton (w, a).Steve Canyon.Journal Herald (Dayton, OH). 15 July 1967 [Color Comics Supplement], Newspaper Syndicate, p. 1. |
| conference report or paper | {{cite conference}} title book-title | {{cite conference| last=| first=| author-link=| title=| book-title=| pages=| publisher=| date=| location=| url=| doi=| id=| access-date=}} | {{cite conference| last= Turk| first= M.| first2= A.| last2= Pentland| title= Face recognition ...| book-title= Proc IEEE Con...| place= Maui, Hawaii| pages= 586–591| date= 1991}} Turk, M.; Pentland, A. (1991). "Face recognition using eigenfaces".Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Maui, Hawaii. pp. 586–591. {{cite conference| last1= Evans| first1= N. R.| last2= Schaefer| first2= G.| last3= Bond| first3= H.| last4= Karovska| first4= M.| last5= Nelan| first5= E.| last6= Sasselov| first6= D.| title= Direct detection of the ...| book-title= American Astronomical Society 207th ...| publisher= AAS| date= January 9, 2006| url= http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm}} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (9 January 2006)."Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope".American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting. AAS. |
| {{Citation}} contribution title | {{Citation| last=| first=| author-link=| first2=| last2=| author-link2=| editor-last=| editor-first=| editor-last2=| editor-first2=| contribution=| contribution-url=| series=| date=| pages=| place=| publisher=| url=| doi=| id=}} | {{Citation| last1= Turk| first1= M.| last2= Pet...| first2= A.| contribution= Face recog...| title= Proc IEEE Confere...| place= Maui, Hawaii| pages= 586–591| date= 1991}} Turk, M.; Petland, A. (1991), "Face recognition using eigenfaces",Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Maui, Hawaii, pp. 586–591 {{Citation| last1= Evans| first1= N. R.| last2= Schaefer| first2= G.| last3= Bond| first3= H.| last4= Karovska| first4= M.| last5= Nelan| first5= E.| last6= Sasselov| first6= D.| contribution= Direct detection of ...| title= American Astronomical...| publisher= AAS| date= January 9, 2006| contribution-url= http://...30.htm}} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (9 January 2006),"Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope",American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting, AAS | |
| court case (legal decision) | {{Cite court}} | {{cite court| litigants=| vol=| reporter=| opinion=| pinpoint=| court=| date=| url=}} | {{cite court| litigants=Roe v. Wade| vol=410| reporter=U.S.| opinion=113| date=1973| url=https://www.law.corn...}} Roe v. Wade,410 U.S. 113 (1973). |
| dictionary, encyclopedia, other edited collection | {{cite dictionary}} title dictionary | {{cite dictionary| title=| dictionary=| volume=| page=| publisher=| date=| id=| url=| access-date=}} | {{cite dictionary| title= word,''n''. ...| dictionary= American Dictionary ...| editor-last= Webst...| editor-first= Noah| editor-link= Noah Webst...| publisher=[[Meriam-Webster]]| date= 1890}} Webster, Noah, ed. (1890). "word,n.".American Dictionary of the English Language.Meriam-Webster. |
| {{cite encyclopedia}} title encyclopedia | {{cite encyclopedia| title=| encyclopedia=| volume=| pages=| publisher=| date=| id=| url=| access-date=}} | {{cite encyclopedia| title= Kirkegaard...| encyclopedia= Grote Winkler Pri...| editor-last= Winkler Pri...| editor-first= Anthony| editor-link= Anthony Win...| volume= 9| publisher= Elsevier| date= 1882}} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882). "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund".Grote Winkler Prins. Vol. 9. Elsevier. {{cite encyclopedia| last= Kramer| first= Martin| author-link= Martin Kramer| editor-last= Boyd| editor-first= Kelley| title= Bernard Lewis| encyclopedia= Encyclopedia of Hist...| volume= 1| pages= 719–720| publisher= Fitzroy Dearborn| location= London| date= 1999| url=}} Kramer, Martin (1999). "Bernard Lewis". In Boyd, Kelley (ed.).Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Vol. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–720. | |
| {{Citation}} contribution=name of article | {{Citation| last=| first=| contribution=| date=| title=| editor-last=| editor-first=| volume=| pages=| place=| publisher=| id=}} | {{Citation| contribution= Kirkegaard...| title= Grote Winkler Pri...| editor-last= Winkler Pri...| editor-first= Anthony| editor-link= Anthony Win...| volume= 9| publisher= Elsevier| date= 1882}} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882), "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund",Grote Winkler Prins, vol. 9, Elsevier {{Citation| last= Kramer| first= Martin| author-link= Martin Kramer| contribution= Bernard Lewis| editor-last= Boyd| editor-first= Kelley| title= Encyclopedia of Historians ...| volume= 1| pages= 719–720| publisher= Fitzroy Dearborn| place= London| date= 1999| contribution-url= http://...is.htm}} Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.),Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 | |
| episode (television or radio) | {{cite episode}} title | {{cite episode| title=| episode-link=| url=| series=| series-link=| credits=| network=| station=| air-date=| began=| ended=| season=| seriesno=| number=| minutes=| transcript=| transcript-url=}} | {{cite episode| title= BBC-TV Presents: ...| episode-link= BBC Snooker World ...| series= Wide World of Snooker| series-link= Wide World of Snooker ...| credits= Presenters: [[Dennis ...| network=[[BBC]]| station=[[BBC Two]]| city=[[Sheffield]], ...| air-date= 2008-04-27| minutes= 2:34}} Presenters:Dennis Taylor andClive Everton (27 April 2008). "BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible".Wide World of Snooker.Sheffield,England. 2:34 minutes in.BBC.BBC Two. {{cite episode| title= Duet| episode-link= Duet (Stargate Atlant...| series= Stargate Atlantis| series-link= Stargate Atlantis| air-date= August 5, 2005| season= 2| number= 4}} "Duet".Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 4. 5 August 2005. |
| mailing list | {{cite mailing list}} title url | {{cite mailing list| last=| first=| author-link=| title=| mailing-list=| date=| url=| access-date=}} | {{cite mailing list| last=Murdock| first=Ian| author-link=Ian Murdock| title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9...| mailing-list=debian-announce| date=26 October 1995| url=https://lists.debian.or...| access-date=20 April 2007}} Murdock, Ian (26 October 1995)."Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available".debian-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved20 April 2007. |
| map | {{cite map}} author date (oryear) title publisher | {{cite map| author=| date=| title=| url=| publisher=| section=| access-date=}} | {{cite map| author=Kansas Departmen...| date=2005| title=Official State Trans...| url=http://www.ksdot.org/b...| edition=2005–2006| location=Topeka| publisher=Kansas Departmen...| section=F9| access-date=March 30, 2007}} Kansas Department of Transportation (2005).Official State Transportation Map(PDF) (Map) (2005–2006 ed.). Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. § F9. Retrieved30 March 2007. {{cite map| author1=Skelly Oil Company| author2=Diversified Map Co| date=1966| title=Highway Map of Oklahoma| scale=[1:1,500,000]| location=St. Louis| publisher=Diversified Map Co| section=11C| oclc=67708775}} Skelly Oil Company; Diversified Map Co (1966).Highway Map of Oklahoma (Map). [1:1,500,000]. St. Louis: Diversified Map Co. § 11C.OCLC 67708775. |
| news article | {{cite news}} title | {{cite news| last=| first=| title=| newspaper=| location=| pages=| language=| publisher=| date=| url=| access-date=}} | {{cite news| last= Finn| first= Gary| title= What a growing lad needs is ...| pages=| newspaper= The Independent| location= London| date= 31 August 1998| url= https://www.independent.co.uk ...}} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998)."What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair".The Independent. London. {{cite news| last= Andersen| first= David| last2= Witter| first2= Lameen| title= Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...| work= Marine Corps News| date= 17 February 2006| url= https://www.military.com/vet...| access-date= 6 June 2006}} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006)."Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success".Marine Corps News. Retrieved6 June 2006. |
| {{Citation}} newspaper (ormagazine,journal,periodical) | {{Citation| last=| first=| author-link=| last2=| first2=| author-link2=| title=| newspaper=| pages=| date=| year=| url=| archive-url=| archive-date=| access-date=}} | {{Citation| last= Finn| first= Gary| title= What a growing lad needs is ...| pages=| newspaper= The Independent| location= London| date= 31 August 1998| url= https://www.independent.co.uk ...| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web ...| archive-date= 2010-03-06}} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998),"What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair",The Independent, London, archived fromthe original on 6 March 2010 {{Citation| last1= Andersen| first1= David| last2= Witter| first2= Lameen| title= Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...| newspaper= Marine Corps News| date= 17 February 2006| url= https://www.military.com/vet...| access-date= 2 June 2006}} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006),"Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success",Marine Corps News, retrieved2 June 2006 | |
| newsgroup posting (DO NOT USE TO VERIFY) | {{cite newsgroup}} title | {{cite newsgroup| title=| author=| date=| newsgroup=| id=| url=| access-date=}} | {{cite newsgroup| author= Gary S. Terhune| title= Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del...| date= January 11, 2004| newsgroup= microsoft.pub...| id= uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2...| url= https://groups.googl...| access-date= May 16, 2006}} Gary S. Terhune (11 January 2004)."Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd".Newsgroup: microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion. uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl. Retrieved16 May 2006. {{cite newsgroup| title= How can helping "Kids in Af...| author= Trodel| date= June 10, 2006| newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob...| id= 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20...| url= https://groups.google.com/g...| access-date= July 3, 2006}} Trodel (10 June 2006)."How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest".Newsgroup: humanities.philosophy.objectivism. 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com. Retrieved3 July 2006. |
| patent | {{Cite patent}} inventor-last | {{cite patent| inventor-last=| inventor-first=| inventor-link=| inventor-last2=| inventor-first2=| inventor-link2=| publication-date=| issue-date=| title=| country-code=| description=| patent-number=}} | {{cite patent| inventor-last1= Degermark| inventor-first1= Mikael| inventor-last2= Brodnik| inventor-first2= Andrej| inventor-last3= Carlsson| inventor-first3= Svante| inventor-last4= Pink| inventor-first4= Stephen| title= Fast routing lookup systemusing complete prefix tree, bit vector,and pointers in a routing table fordetermining where to route IP datagrams| issue-date= 2001| patent-number= 6266706| country-code= US}} US 6266706, Degermark, Mikael; Brodnik, Andrej & Carlsson, Svante et al., "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", issued 2001 |
| press release | {{cite press release}} title | {{cite press release|last=|first=|date=|title=|url=|location=|publisher=|agency=|access-date=}} | {{cite press release|last=Roithmayr|first=Mark|date=February 5, 2007|title=Autism Speaks ...|url=http://autismspeaks.org...|location=New York|publisher=[[Autism Speaks]]|access-date=November 19, 2007}} Roithmayr, Mark (5 February 2007)."Autism Speaks and Cure Autism Now Complete Merger" (Press release). New York:Autism Speaks. Retrieved19 November 2007. {{cite press release|author=<!--Not stated-->|title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up...|url=http://newsroom.sprint.com...|location=Overland Park, Kansas|publisher=[[Sprint Nextel]]|date=November 26, 2012|access-date=November 28, 2012}} "Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up in 11 New Cities and Counties in Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia" (Press release). Overland Park, Kansas:Sprint Nextel. 26 November 2012. Retrieved28 November 2012. |
| video (movie, television production, documentary, etc.) | {{cite AV media}} people title | {{cite AV media| people=| title=| medium=| publisher=| location=| date=| url=}} | {{cite AV media| people= Al-Issawi, Omar (Director)| title= Harab libnan| medium= Television production| publisher= Al-Issawi, Om...| location= Lebanon| date= 2001}} Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) (2001).Harab libnan (Television production). Lebanon: Al-Issawi, Omar. {{cite AV media| people= Dick Cavett| title= The Dick Cavett Show — Rock...| medium= DVD| publisher= Shout Factory| date= 2005}} Dick Cavett (2005).The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969) (DVD). Shout Factory. |
| video game | {{cite video game}} title developer | {{cite video game| title=| developer=| publisher=| date=| platform=| version=| level=| language=| isolang=| quote=}} | {{cite video game| title=[[Halo 3]]| developer=[[Bungie]]| publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]]| date=September 25, 2007| platform=[[Xbox 360]]| version=1.0| level=The Storm| language=English| isolang=| quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /...}} Bungie (25 September 2007).Halo 3 (Xbox 360) (1.0 ed.).Microsoft Game Studios. Level/area: The Storm. |
| Wikidata | {{Cite Q}} QID (Q number) | {{cite Q| QID}} | {{cite Q|Q29396757}} Albert Einstein (1905). "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?".Annalen der Physik (in German).323 (13):639–641.doi:10.1002/ANDP.19053231314.ISSN 0003-3804.Wikidata Q29396757. |
These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All of the following templates are supported:{{citation}} ·{{cite book}} ·{{cite journal}} ·{{cite web}} ·{{cite conference}} ·{{cite encyclopedia}} ·{{cite mailing list}} ·{{cite news}} ·{{cite press release}} ·{{cite arXiv}} ·{{cite AV media}} (an up-to-date list is atHelp:Citation Style 1). To use the links, the template must define|surname= (or|last=) and|date= (or|year=).
| What to type | What it makes |
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==Notes== | Notes
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Templates used within<ref>...</ref> tags or within the{{efn}} family of templates:
|
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ThreeHarvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. These are also used within
</nowiki> | Harvcol templates
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Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link a short citation (e.g.Turner 1851 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTurner1851 (help)) with the full citation in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short citations.
There are three primary ways to format individual full citations:
The main differences between the generic{{Citation}} template and the specificCitation Style 1 templates are:
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg)
|separator= and|postscript= parameters.)|title= for the article name and|encyclopedia= for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in{{Citation}} are namedcontribution andtitle, respectively.There are three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article (seeHelp:Citations quick reference for a tabular comparison of these three ways):
<ref>...</ref> reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly anendnote) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using{{reflist}}, which is typically placed by itself in aNotes (orReferences) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using<ref name="foo">...</ref> the first time, and just<ref name="foo"/> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the{{rp}} template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.<ref name="foo"/>. The reference list at the end of the article is a list of full citations, each of which takes the form<ref name="foo">...</ref>, all of which are surrounded by<references>...</references>.When using shortened footnotes, there are three ways to link the short and full references:
<ref>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]</ref>. If a citation template is used for the full reference, the anchor (e.g.#CITEREFPereira2006) is automatically attached to the full reference; if the full reference is typed by hand, surround the reference with{{wikicite}} to attach the anchor to it.<ref>See, for example: {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>. This will insert a footnote into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. Other variations of the Harvard citation templates format the short citation differently.{{sfn}} template for the whole of the footnote. The{{sfn}} template creates its own named<ref>...</ref> tags:{{sfn|Pereira|2006|p=25}} is exactly equivalent to<ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006]], p. 25.</ref> which is itself equivalent to<ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>.See alsoWP:Footnotes andWP:Citing sources for general information, andWP:CITEX for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.
When citations are brought to talk pages, noticeboards and other discussions, follow the group of citations, or the text you have added, with{{Reflist-talk}}.
{{Reflist-talk}}This template places the citations in their own box under the bold headerReferences at the position where the template was inserted; otherwise the citations (and any others in the talk page) will be listed at the end of the talk page, below all sections. The resulting reference box does not appear in the table of contents.
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