 |
 | This page in a nutshell: On Wikipedia, things are grouped into articles based on what they are, not what they are called by. In dictionaries, it's the other way around. |
| Content policies |
|---|
Wikipedia is not adictionary, phrasebook, or a slang, jargon, or usage guide. Instead, the goal of this project is to create anencyclopedia. Our sister projectWiktionary has the goal of creating a dictionary. It is the "lexical companion to Wikipedia", and the two often link to each other. Wiktionary welcomes all editors who wish to write a dictionary.
Both dictionary entries at Wiktionary and encyclopedia articles at Wikipedia may start out asstubs, but they are works in progress, to be expanded. Wikipedia articles should begin with agood definition, but they should provide other types of information about that topic as well. The full articles that Wikipedia's stubs grow into are very different from dictionary entries.
Each article in an encyclopedia is about a person, a people, a concept, a place, an event, a thing, etc., whereas a dictionary entry is primarily about a word, an idiom, or a term and its meaning(s), usage and history. In some cases, a word or phrase itselfmay be an encyclopedic subject, such asMacedonia (terminology) ortruthiness. Such articles rarely contain more than onedistinct definition or usage of the article's title.
One perennial source of confusion is that a stub encyclopedia article looks very much like a dictionary entry, and stubs are often poorly written; another is that somepaper dictionaries, such as "pocket" dictionaries, lead users to the mistaken belief that dictionary entries are short, and thatshort article anddictionary entry are therefore equivalent.
In this section we compare Wikipedia and Wiktionary (as a concrete example of a dictionary), but the principle is that Wikipedia is not a dictionary, not simply that it is not Wiktionary.
| Criteria | Wikipedia | Wiktionary |
|---|---|---|
| Article contents | aboutreferents: a person, a people, an idea, a concept, a place, an event, or a thing that the title of the article candenote. The articleoctopus is primarily about the animal: its physiology, its use as food, its scientific classification, and so forth. | aboutreferences: the words, symbols, and language used to denote thosereferents—which includes thelinguistic aspects of names used as article titles. The entryoctopus is about the word "octopus": its part of speech, its pluralizations, its usage, its etymology, its translations into other languages, and so forth. |
| Articles whose titles are different words for the same thing (synonyms) | areduplicate articles that should bemerged. For example:petrol andgasoline. | warrant different entries (for example,petrol andgasoline). |
| Articles whose titles are different spellings of the same word or lexeme | areduplicate articles that should bemerged. For example:colour andcolor. | warrant different entries (such ascolour andcolor). |
| The same title for different things (homographs) | are found in different articles. For example: arocket vehicle,salad rocket, androcket engine. The articles may all be found in a disambiguation page such asRocket (disambiguation). | are to be found in one entry (such asrocket). |
One test is that an encyclopedia article's name can usually easily take many different equivalent forms, whereas a dictionary as alinguistic work is about the words in the title, and cannot usually be easily translated.[1]
| Criteria | Wikipedia | Wiktionary |
|---|---|---|
| Inflections | Per theWikipedia:Naming conventions (verbs), single-word article titles are usuallynouns or verbal nouns (participles orgerunds), such asgreengrocer andcamping. Per theWikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals), article titles are singular. Other inflections, if they exist at all, areredirects. | Every inflection of a word is an entry in its own right, potentially with its own illustrative quotations. For examples:walk,walks,walked, andwalking are all separate entries. Thesuffixes for the inflections are also entries:-ed,-ing etc. |
| Adjectives | PerWikipedia:Article titles § Use nouns adjectives are usually redirected to nouns or are disambiguation pages or simply do not exist. | Every adjective is a word/entry in its own right. |
| Language used | Article titles are in the English language, with some exceptions. | All words from all languages are accepted. |
| Proper nouns | An article with aproper noun as its title is usually adisambiguation article, which links to all of the places or things commonly known by that name. For examples:Hastings (disambiguation),Benedict,Bush. The article will use{{wiktionary}} to link to the Wiktionary entries on the proper noun and any common nouns that have the same spelling. An article about agiven name or asurname is ananthroponymy article that contains a list of people with this name as well as encyclopedic content about the meaning, etymology and history of the name. | An entry with the title of aproper noun gives the etymology, meanings, translations, pronunciation, and so forth of that proper noun. For examples:Hastings,Benedict The entry will use {{Wikipedia}} orinterwiki links to link to the Wikipedia articles. Wiktionary is also case sensitive, so entries for (English) proper nouns are separate from entries for (English) common nouns. For example:Bush,bush |
Dictionary entries and encyclopedia articles do not differ simply on grounds oflength. An entry in a comprehensive dictionary (or a topicalencyclopedic dictionary) would probably contain illustrative quotations for each listed meaning; etymologies; translations; inflections; links to related and derived terms; links to synonyms, antonyms, and homophones; a pronunciation guide in various dialects, including links to sound files; and usage notes; it could be very long indeed. Short dictionary articles are artifacts of paper dictionaries being space-limited, and some dictionaries being intentionally concise. Not all dictionaries are limited by the size of the paper;Wiktionary is not paper either.
Both dictionaries and encyclopedias contain definitions. Encyclopedia articles should begin with a good definition and description ofone topic (or a few largely or completely synonymous or otherwise highly related topics[2]), but the article should provide other types of information about that topic as well. An encyclopedic definition is more concerned with encyclopedic knowledge (facts) than linguistic concerns.[3]See alsoWP:REFERS.
A good definition is notcircular, asynonym or a near synonym, overly broad or narrow, ambiguous, figurative, or obscure. When a descriptive title is self-explanatory, such ashistory of Malta, a definition may not be needed.See alsofallacies of definition.
A definition aims to describe or delimit the meaning of some term (a word or a phrase) by giving a statement of essential properties or distinguishing characteristics of the concept, entity, or kind of entity, denoted by that term.
Wikipedia is not in the business of saying how words, idioms, phrases etc. "should" be used (but it may be important in the context of an encyclopedia article to discuss how a wordis used).
Articles that have been heavily cut to avoid becoming usage guides includegender-neutral pronoun andnon-sexist language. Articles with information on how a word is used includesingularthey,homophobia, andsexism. By a simple extension of the latter, Wikipedia is not a slang and idiom guide. We aren't teaching people how to talk like a hacker or a Cockney chimney-sweep; we're writing an encyclopedia. Seemeta:Knocking her dead one on the nose each and every double trey for a historical example. Some articles areencyclopedicglossaries on the jargon of an industry or field; such articles must be informative, not guiding in nature, becauseWikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook.
Note that Wiktionary is also primarily a record of how words are (or were) used rather than how they "should" be used, but it does aim to note when usage is slang, informal, archaic, non-standard, derogatory, offensive, etc. and how that status has changed over time.
There are reference works known as genealogical dictionaries.[4] These tend to focus primarily on the immediate family connections (parents, spouses, children and their spouses) of the article subject. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and as such focuses more on the actions and contributions of an article subject. This means that many genealogical details may be omitted, for a better-flowing, more rounded article.
Biography articles should only be created for people with some sort ofverifiable notability. A good measure ofnotability is whether someone has been featured in multiple, independent,reliable sources. Minor figures may be mentioned within other articles (for example, Ronald Gay inViolence against LGBT people).
See alsoWikipedia:Notability (people).
Articles onneologisms that have little or no usage in reliable sources are commonly deleted, as these articles are often created in an attempt to use Wikipedia to increase usage of the term. Care should be taken when translating text into English that a term common in the host language does not create an uncommon neologism in English. AsWiktionary'sinclusion criteria differ from Wikipedia's, that project may cover neologisms that Wikipedia cannot accept. Editors may wish to contribute an entry for the neologism to Wiktionary instead.
Some neologisms can be in frequent use, and it may be possible to pull together many facts about a particular term and show evidence of its usage on the Internet or in larger society. To support an article about a particular term or concept, we must cite what reliablesecondary sources sayabout the term or concept, not just sources thatuse the term(seeuse–mention distinction). An editor's personal observations and research (e.g. finding blogs, books, and articles that use the term rather than are about the term) are insufficient to support articles on neologisms because this may requireanalysis and synthesis of primary source material to advance a position, which is explicitly prohibited by theoriginal research policy.
While Wikipedia is a tertiary source, Wiktionary is a secondary source, so welcomes OR of this sort. Neologisms must at least have three independent uses for inclusion there, and additional requirements can be found on theirCriteria for inclusion page.
Neologisms that are in wide use but for which there are no treatments in secondary sources are not yet ready for use and coverage in Wikipedia. The term does not need to be in Wikipedia in order to be a "true" term, and when secondary sources become available, it will be appropriate to create an article on the topic, or use the term within other articles.
In a few cases, there will be notable topics which are well-documented inreliable sources, but for which no accepted short-hand term exists. It can be tempting to employ a neologism in such a case. Instead, it is preferable touse a title that is a descriptive phrase in plain English if possible, even if this makes for a somewhat long or awkward title.[example needed]
In some cases, a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject. In these cases, the word or phrase in and of itself passes Wikipedia'snotability criteria as the subject ofverifiable coverage byreliable sources. As with any subject, articles on words must contain encyclopedic information. That is, such articles must go beyond what would be found in a dictionary entry (definition, pronunciation, etymology, use information, etc.), and include information on the social or historical significance of the term.
While published dictionaries may be useful sources for lexical information on a term, the presence of a term in a dictionary does not by itself establish notability. Examples of Wikipedia articles on words and phrases includeMacedonia (terminology),Orange (word),Thou,No worries, and most articles about individualracial slurs,profanity, andobscene gestures.
In other cases, a word or phrase is often used as a "lens" or concept through which another topic or closely related set of topics are grouped, seen or renamed. In such cases, coverage about a word, phrase or concept should treat it as such. The main coverage of the topics that were modified, grouped or renamed by the "lens" is typically elsewhere in Wikipedia.World music,Political correctness,Gay agenda andTruthiness illustrate this.
Agood encyclopedia article should begin with a relatively short but discrete explanation of the subject of the article (the person, place, concept, event, or 'thing' of the title).Sometimes, articles (particularly stubs) have poorly written dictionary-style introductory sentences, such as "Dog is a term for an animal with the binomial nameCanis lupus" or "Dog is a word that refers to a domesticated canine".
Most Wikipedia articles arenot dictionary entries, and opening sentences like the above ought to be cleaned up in accordance with ourGuide to writing better articles. Editors shouldboldly replace these cumbersome phrasings ("is a term for", "is a word that means", "refers to") with the more direct "is" construction, for example: "Adog is an animal of the speciesCanis lupus" or "Adog is a domesticated canine". (See:Writing better articles: Avoid using "refers to")
Sometimes a Wikipedia article will also bepoorly titled: its title will be an adjective or an adverb, or an inflection of a verb that isn't a noun. Such articles are dictionary articles only if they discuss the word or phraseas a word or phrase, rather than what the word or phrase denotes. If such articles should explain what the word or phrase denotes, then they should berenamed ormerged to a title that adheres to ourWikipedia:Naming conventions. For example: the adjective "supermassive" doesn't by itself denote a subject. "Supermassive black hole", on the other hand, is a subject.
Sometimes an article really is a mis-placed stub dictionary entry, that discusses the etymology, translations, usage, inflections, multipledistinct meanings, synonyms, antonyms, homophones, spelling, pronunciation, and so forth ofa word or an idiomatic phrase.
If Wiktionary doesn't already have an entry for the word or idiom (which is unlikely), one can be created. Previously it could be copied to Wiktionary using thetranswiki system by marking the article with the{{Copy to Wiktionary}} template, but that templatewas deleted by a 2021 TfD.
After copying, the final disposition of the article here is up to Wikipedia. If the article cannot berenamed,merged, orrewritten into a stub encyclopedia article about a subject, denoted by its title, then it should bedeleted.
A template can be used to point to a Wiktionary entry from a Wikipedia article which has encyclopedic content; for example, the code{{Wiktionary|dictionary}} produces a pointer to the Wiktionary definition ofdictionary as illustrated here. For Wikipedia articles which could only ever be dictionary definitions and keep being re-created and re-deleted, or which could potentially be proper articles but are dictionary-like stubs at the moment, it is possible to effectively "salt" them with asoft redirect to Wiktionary using code such as{{Wiktionary redirect|dictionary}}. The general guidelines for what is acceptable as a soft redirect to Wiktionary are enumerated in that template's documentation.
