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Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling

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Reference for editors
"WP:SPELLING" redirects here. For help with spellchecking, seeWikipedia:Spellchecking. For the spelling correction team and information on spellchecking tools including bots, seeWikipedia:Typo Team.
"MOS:SPELLING" redirects here. For guidelines for alternative spellings, seeWikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § First sentence.
For guidelines on which national variety of English to use in an article (grammar, spelling, and capitalization/capitalisation), seeWikipedia:Manual of Style § National varieties of English. For changing spelling inside quoted text, seeWikipedia:Manual of Style § Original wording.
"WP:MOSS" redirects here. For the typo-cleanup project, seeWikipedia:Typo Team/moss.
Thisguideline is a part of the English Wikipedia'sManual of Style.
Editors should generally follow it, thoughexceptions may apply.Substantive edits to this page should reflectconsensus. When in doubt, discuss first onthis guideline's talk page.
Manual of Style

The following is a handy reference for editors, listing various common spelling differences between national varieties of English.

Please note: If you are not familiar with a spelling, please do some research before changing it – it may be your misunderstanding rather than a mistake, especially in the case ofAmerican and British English spelling differences.

English spelling comparison chart

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See also:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling/Words ending with "-ise" or "-ize"

This table gives the accepted spellings (following government guidelines and major dictionaries). It is by no means exhaustive, but rather an overview. When two variants appear in the same cell, the one listed first is more widely used. (For example, in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK and Ireland,ageing is more common thanaging; in Canada and the US,aging is more common.)

The spelling systems of unlisted Commonwealth countries, such as India, Pakistan and Singapore, are generally close to the British spelling system, with possibly a few local differences. Some non-CommonwealthEnglish-speaking countries, such as the Philippines, Burundi, Liberia, have spelling systems closer to American spelling.

With some exceptions, boxes in yellow show use of British spellings and those in blue show use of US spellings. Boxes in pink indicate that both spellings are used.

UK &Ireland[1]South Africa[2]New Zealand[3]Australia[4]Canada[5]United States[6][7]
acknowledgementacknowledgementacknowledgementacknowledgement, acknowledgmentacknowledgement, acknowledgmentacknowledgment
aeroplaneaeroplaneaeroplaneaeroplaneairplaneairplane
ageing, agingageing, agingageing, agingaging, ageingaging, ageingaging, ageing
all rightall rightall rightalright, all rightall rightalright, all right
aluminiumaluminiumaluminiumaluminiumaluminumaluminum
authorise, authorizeauthorise, authorizeauthoriseauthorise, authorizeauthorizeauthorize
analyseanalyseanalyseanalyseanalyzeanalyze
artefactartefactartefactartefact, artifactartifactartifact
cancelledcancelledcancelledcancelledcancelledcanceled
cataloguecataloguecataloguecataloguecataloguecatalog, catalogue
centrecentrecentrecentrecentrecenter
civilisation, civilizationcivilisation, civilizationcivilisationcivilisation, civilizationcivilizationcivilization
colourcolourcolourcolourcolourcolor
co-operationco-operationco-operationcooperation, co-operationco-operation, cooperationcooperation
defencedefencedefencedefencedefencedefense
dialoguedialoguedialoguedialoguedialoguedialogue, dialog (conversation)
dialog (text)
diarrhoeadiarrhoeadiarrhoeadiarrhoea, diarrheadiarrheadiarrhea
encyclopaediaencyclopaediaencyclopaediaencyclopediaencyclopediaencyclopedia
empanel, impanelempanel, impanelempanel, impanelimpanel, empanelimpanel, empanelimpanel, empanel
foetus, fetusfoetusfoetusfetus, foetusfetusfetus
fulfilfulfilfulfilfulfil(l)fulfillfulfill
jail, gaoljail, gaoljailjailjailjail
greygreygreygreygreygray, grey
honourhonourhonourhonourhonourhonor
instalmentinstalmentinstalmentinstalmentinstalment, installmentinstallment
judgement, judgmentjudgement, judgmentjudgementjudgement, judgmentjudgment, judgementjudgment
kerb (roadside)
curb (restrain)		kerb (roadside)
curb (restrain)		kerb (roadside)
curb (restrain)		kerb (roadside)
curb (restrain)		curbcurb
labourlabourlabourlabour[8]labourlabor
licence(n.),
license(v.)		licence(n.),
license(v.)		licence(n.),
license(v.)		licence(n.),
license(v.)		licence(n.),
license(v.)		license(n. and v.)
liquoriceliquoriceliquoricelicoricelicoricelicorice
manoeuvremanoeuvremanoeuvremanoeuvremanoeuvremaneuver
meagremeagremeagremeagremeagremeager
mouldmouldmouldmouldmouldmold
organisation, organizationorganisation, organizationorganisationorganisation, organizationorganizationorganization
ploughploughploughploughplowplow
practice(n.),
practise(v.)		practice(n.),
practise(v.)		practice(n.),
practise(v.)		practice(n.),
practise(v.)		practice(n.),
practise(v.)		practice(n. and v.)
computer program,
training programme		computer program,
training programme		computer program,
training programme		computer program,
training program,
theatre program		computer program,
training program		computer program,
training program
pyjamaspyjamaspyjamaspyjamaspyjamas, pajamaspajamas
routeing, routingrouteing, routingrouteing, routingroutingroutingrouting
scepticscepticscepticscepticskepticskeptic
sombresombresombresombresombresomber
sulphursulphursulphursulfur, sulphursulfur, sulphursulfur
theatretheatretheatretheatretheatretheater, theatre
travellingtravellingtravellingtravellingtravellingtraveling, travelling
tyretyretyretyretiretire
verandaverandaverandahverandahverandaveranda
vice
(fault and tool)		vice
(fault and tool)		vice
(fault and tool)		vice
(fault and tool)		vice (fault)
vise (tool)		vice (fault)
vise (tool)
vigourvigourvigourvigourvigourvigor
yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourtyoghurt, yogurtyoghurtyoghurtyogourt, yogurt, yoghurt, yoghourtyogurt
UK &IrelandSouth AfricaNew ZealandAustraliaCanadaUnited States
SeeNotes for explanations of the references above.

Other spelling differences

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Throughout this section, the variants here regarded as "British" are also used in Australia (in most cases), as well as in other Commonwealth countries and in Ireland. Canadian spelling combines British and American.

Preferred variants

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In both British English and American English, many words have variant spellings, but most of the time one variant is preferred over the other. In dictionaries, the preferred spelling is listed first among the headwords of an entry. Examples follow:

  • acknowledgement vsacknowledgment:acknowledgement is preferred in British English,[9]acknowledgment in American English.
  • judgement vsjudgment:judgement is preferred in British English (except in the sense of a judge's decision, in which casejudgment is preferred),judgment in American English.
  • per cent vspercent:per cent is preferred in British English,percent in American English.
  • dialogue vsdialog: In a non-technical context, the spellingdialogue is preferred in American English. In Webster's dictionary,dialogue is given first, and Chambers also indicatesdialog is less used in North America.[10]
  • catalogue vscatalog: Webster's treats this case differently, as does Chambers[11]—catalog is the preferred spelling in American English.
  • glamour vsglamor: The spellingglamour is preferred in both British and American English. (Glamourous is sometimes found in American English, but is usually considered incorrect in British English, whereglamorous is the only accepted form.)
  • foetus vsfetus: In American English,foetus is never used. In British English, usage is divided. In academic literature,fetus is preferred.
  • aluminium vsaluminum:aluminum is the prevalent spelling throughout North America; however, in scientific literaturealuminium should be used, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC. (The two spellings also have different pronunciations.)
  • sulphur vssulfur:sulphur is the prevalent spelling outside North America; however, in scientific literaturesulfur should be used, as recommended by IUPAC. (seeSulfur#Spelling and etymology)
  • caesium vscesium:cesium is the prevalent spelling throughout North America; however, in scientific literaturecaesium should be used, as recommended by IUPAC.

Archaic spelling

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Older sources use many archaic variants (such asshew forshow), which are not to be used outside quotations except in special circumstances (for example,quire may be used instead ofchoir in architectural contexts).

When archaic spelling is used in the title of a work, modernize the spelling in the text of the article but retain the original spelling in the references. For example, the text of an article might read "Thomas Ady attacked theDemonology of King James..." while the citation should readDaemonologie, In Forme of a Dialogie, Diuided into three Bookes. By James Rx, 1597....". Adding a <!-- comment --> may help prevent well-meaning editors from correcting the spelling "mistakes".

As perWP:Manual of Style § Quotations, archaic glyphs should be modernized, including within quotations and titles (e.g., æ→ae, œ→oe, ſ→s, and ye→the). Archaic spellings (including capitalization, punctuation, and emphasis that would be non-standard today) are retained in quotations, and we rarely need to provide any translations into Modern English if the source material isElizabethan or later. ForMiddle English, treat it on a case-by-case basis, but always provide translation forOld English.

Different spellings, different meanings

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Several words change their meaning when spelt differently.

  • cheque – check: tocheck is to ensure; outside the US, a bill of exchange drawn on a bank payable on demand is acheque.
  • kerb – curb: In British English,kerb is the edge of the road or pavement (UK) wherekerbstones can be found. In the US, it is spelledcurb, and may be attached to a sidewalk. Tocurb is to limit or control in either dialect.
  • disc – disk: Outside of computing, in British English the usual spelling isdisc (meaning a thin flat circular object); in American Englishdisk anddisc are normally interchangeable. However, in computing (in both British & American English),disk usually refers to magnetic disks, as inhard disk drives, dating back to the first magnetic disks used by US-developedmainframe computers.Disc usually refers to optical discs, beginning with theCompact Disc (developed outside the US) and continuing withDVD (the last "D" of the acronym usually meaningdisc regardless ofits uncertain etymology),Blu-ray Disc, and even defunct formats such asHD DVD.
  • draught – draft: In the UKdraft is a preliminary version of a document, whiledraught is a drink or a current of air; all are usually spelleddraft in the US, butdraught has been making a comeback in reference to beverages.
  • enquiry – inquiry: for most British writers, anenquiry is a request for information, but aninquiry is a formal investigation.
  • ensure – insure: Toensure is to make sure. In British English, toinsure is to take out aninsurance policy. In American English, toinsure is sometimes used instead of toensure.[12][13]
  • judgement – judgment: In Australian and British law, a judge's decision in a case is always speltjudgment. On the other hand, the forming of opinion or conclusion by an ordinary person is usually speltjudgement.
  • metre – meter: in most countries other than the US,metre is the metric unit of length, andmeter is a measuring device; in these dialectsmetre is also the rhythm of a line of verse, but the word as part of the technical name of a givenmetre (pentameter,hexameter, etc.) is spelled-meter.
  • programme – program: In British English, the spellingprogram can be used forcomputer program. In all other cases,programme is invariably used.
  • storey – story: astory is a tale; outside of the US, upper floors of buildings are speltstorey.[14]
  • theatre – theater: Many uses of either spelling can be found in American English. Boththeater andtheatre are commonly used among theatre professionals. The spellingtheatre can be seen in names like theKodak Theatre andAMC Theatres. However, the spellingtheater is used for the various venues at theJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and all major American newspapers, such asThe New York Times's theater section[15] to refer to both the dramatic arts as well as to the buildings where performances take place. The Columbia University Guide to Standard American English states thattheater is used except in proper names.[16]
  • tyre – tire: In American and Canadian English,tire is used to refer tofatigue and the inflated rim of a wheel. In British and other forms of English,tire means "to fatigue" andtyre is the inflated rim of a wheel.

International organizations

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There arethree major English spelling standards used by international organizations and publishers:

British English with "-ise"

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Shortcut

Spellings: centre, programme, labour, defence, organisation; recognise, advise, devise, advertise, and analyse
Language tag (a code identifying the language used):en-GB.

Examples of organizations adhering to this standard: European Union (EU), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),Commonwealth Secretariat (Commonwealth of Nations), African Union (AU), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), International Olympic Committee (IOC), UK Armed Forces andMinistry of Defence, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). TheUK government does not seem to have an official position on spelling, though it often uses this variant in communications.

Major publications:BBC,The Economist,Financial Times,The Guardian,The Lancet,New Scientist,The Times.

British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)

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Shortcut

Spellings: centre, programme, labour, defence, organization; recognize, but: advise, devise, advertise, and analyse
Language tag:en-GB-oxendict

Oxford spelling is based on theOxford English Dictionary,[17] and followed byCollins[18] andCassell's[19] dictionaries, whereasChambers lists both ‑ize and ‑ise for British English.[20] TheConcise Oxford English Dictionary notes that "the formize has been in use in English since the 16th century. The alternative spellingise (reflecting a French influence) is in common use, especially in British English".[21]

Examples of organizations adhering to this standard: United Nations organizations (UN,WHO,UNESCO,UNICEF,ITU,ILO, etc.), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF),Amnesty International,World Economic Forum, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Major publications:Encyclopædia Britannica (despite being an American publication since 1911),Nature,The Times Literary Supplement.

American English

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Spellings: center, program, labor, defense, organization; recognize, but: advise, devise, advertise, and analyze
Language tag:en-US

Examples of organizations adhering to this standard:International Monetary Fund,World Bank,Organization of American States,NAFTA Secretariat.

Major publications:International New York Times,Newsweek,The New York Times,Science,Scientific American,Time,The Wall Street Journal.

Tools and reference articles

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Chambers 2003; There are two British English spelling standards, with different requirements for-ise and-ize suffixes;see International organizations above.
  2. ^South African Concise Oxford Dictionary. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa. 2002.ISBN 0195718046.
  3. ^The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary. Auckland, N.Z: Oxford University Press. 1998.ISBN 0195584104.
  4. ^Yallop, C., ed. (2005).Macquarie Dictionary (4th ed.). North Ryde, N.S.W: Macquarie University.ISBN 1-876429-14-3.
  5. ^Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004).Canadian Oxford Dictionary (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press. p. xiii.ISBN 0-19-541816-6.The main headword represents the most common form in Canadian usage.
  6. ^Chambers 1998, p. xx.
  7. ^Merriam–Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2003.ISBN 0-87779-809-5.
  8. ^Except in the nameAustralian Labor Party.
  9. ^Chambers 1998, p. 13;Oxford Advanced 1974, p. 8; whileCollins 1997, p. 898 lists 'acknowledgement' as the only entry.
  10. ^Chambers 1998, p. 445.
  11. ^Chambers 1998, p. 255.
  12. ^Learning English | BBC World Service
  13. ^Peters, p. 285:But in North American Englishinsure covers both meanings, andensure is simply a variant spelling. (Emphasis as original.)
  14. ^Peters, Pam (2004). "storey or story".The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 517.ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
  15. ^"Theater section".The New York Times. Retrieved10 December 2010.
  16. ^Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). "theater, theatre".The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 435.
  17. ^Oxford Advanced 1974, pp. viii, 29, 228, 477, 602, 678, 715; andOxford Illustrated 1976.
  18. ^Collins 1997.
  19. ^Cassell 1985.
  20. ^Chambers 1998, p. xx.
  21. ^Allen, Robert, ed. (1990)."Definition of -ize".The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (8th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.ISBN 0-19-861243-5.

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