.jpg) WISE spacecraft | |
| Names | Explorer 92 SMEX-6 NEOWISE Near-Earth Object WISE |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Infrared telescope |
| Operator | NASA / JPL |
| COSPAR ID | 2009-071A |
| SATCATno. | 36119 |
| Website | www |
| Mission duration | 10 months (planned) 14 years, 10 months and 19 days (achieved) |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Explorer XCII |
| Spacecraft type | Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer |
| Bus | RS-300 |
| Manufacturer | Ball Aerospace & Technologies |
| Launch mass | 661 kg (1,457 lb)[1] |
| Payload mass | 347 kg (765 lb) |
| Dimensions | 2.85 × 2 × 1.73 m (9 ft 4 in × 6 ft 7 in × 5 ft 8 in) |
| Power | 551watts |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 14 December 2009, 14:09:33UTC |
| Rocket | Delta II 7320-10C (Delta 347) |
| Launch site | Vandenberg,SLC-2W |
| Contractor | United Launch Alliance |
| Entered service | 2010 |
| End of mission | |
| Deactivated | 8 August 2024 |
| Last contact | 31 July 2024 |
| Decay date | 2 November 2024, 00:49UTC |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Sun-synchronous orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 488.3 km (303.4 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 494.8 km (307.5 mi) |
| Inclination | 97.50° |
| Period | 94.45 minutes |
| Main telescope | |
| Diameter | 40 cm (16 in)[1] |
| Wavelengths | 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22μm |
| Instruments | |
| Four infrared detectors | |
Explorer Program | |
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE,observatory code C51,Explorer 92 andMIDEX-6) was aNASAinfrared astronomyspace telescope in theExplorers Program launched in December 2009.[2][3][4] WISEdiscovered thousands ofminor planets and numerousstar clusters. Its observations also supported the discovery of the firstY-type brown dwarf andEarth trojan asteroid.[5][6][7][8][9][10]WISE performed an all-skyastronomical survey with images in 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 μm wavelength range bands, over ten months using a 40 cm (16 in) diameterinfrared telescope inEarth orbit.[11]
After itssolid hydrogen coolant depleted, it was placed inhibernation mode in February 2011.[5]In 2013, NASA reactivated the WISE telescope to search fornear-Earth objects (NEO), such ascomets andasteroids, that could collide with Earth.[12][13]
The reactivation mission was calledNear-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE).[13] As of August 2023, NEOWISE was 40% through the 20th coverage of the full sky.[citation needed]
Science operations and data processing for WISE and NEOWISE take place at theInfrared Processing and Analysis Center at theCalifornia Institute of Technology inPasadena, California. The WISE All-Sky (WISEA) data, including processed images, source catalogs and raw data, was released to the public on 14 March 2012, and is available at theInfrared Science Archive.[14][15][16]
The NEOWISE mission was originally expected to end in early 2025 with the satellite reentering the atmosphere some time after.[17] However, the NEOWISE mission concluded its science survey on 31 July 2024 with the satellite expected to reenter Earth's atmosphere later the same year (2 November 2024). This decision was made due to increased solar activity hastening the decay of its orbit and the lack of an onboard propulsion system for orbital maintenance. The onboard transmitter was turned off on 8 August, marking the formal decommissioning of the spacecraft.[18]
The mission was planned to create infrared images of 99% of the sky, with at least eight images made of each position on the sky in order to increase accuracy. The spacecraft was placed in a 525 km (326 mi), circular, polar,Sun-synchronous orbit for its ten-month mission, during which it has taken 1.5 million images, one every 11 seconds.[19] The satellite orbited above theterminator, its telescope pointing always to the opposite direction to the Earth, except for pointing towards theMoon, which was avoided, and its solar cells towards theSun. Each image covers a 47arcminutefield of view (FoV), which means a 6arcsecondresolution. Each area of the sky was scanned at least 10 times at theequator; the poles were scanned at theoretically every revolution due to the overlapping of the images.[20][21] The produced image library contains data on the localSolar System, theMilky Way, and the more distantUniverse. Among the objects WISE studied are asteroids, cool and dim stars such asbrown dwarfs, and the most luminous infraredgalaxies.
WISE was not able to detectKuiper belt objects, because their temperatures are too low.[22]Pluto is the only Kuiper belt object that was detected.[23] It was able to detect any objects warmer than 70–100K. ANeptune-sized object would be detectable out to 700Astronomical unit (AU), aJupiter mass object out to 1light year (63,000 AU), where it would still be within the Sun'szone of gravitational control. A larger object of2–3 Jupiter masses would be visible at a distance of up to 7–10 light years.[22]
At the time of planning, it was estimated that WISE would detect about 300,000main-belt asteroids, of which approximately 100,000 will be new, and some 700 Near-Earth objects (NEO) including about 300 undiscovered. That translates to about 1000 new main-belt asteroids per day, and 1–3 NEOs per day. The peak of magnitude distribution for NEOs will be about 21–22V. WISE would detect each typical Solar System object 10–12 times over about 36 hours in intervals of 3 hours.[20][21][needs update]
Star formation, a process where visible light is normally obscured byinterstellar dust, is detectable ininfrared, since at this wavelength electromagnetic radiation can penetrate the dust. Infrared measurements from the WISE astronomical survey have been particularly effective at unveiling previously undiscoveredstar clusters.[10] Examples of such embedded star clusters are Camargo 18, Camargo 440, Majaess 101, and Majaess 116.[24][25] In addition, galaxies of the young Universe and interacting galaxies, where star formation is intensive, are bright in infrared. At infrared wavelengths, interstellar gas clouds are also detectable, as well as proto-planetary discs. The WISE satellite was expected to find at least 1,000 proto-planetary discs.
The WISEsatellite bus was built byBall Aerospace & Technologies inBoulder, Colorado. The spacecraft was derived from the Ball Aerospace & TechnologiesRS-300 spacecraft architecture, particularly theNEXTSat spacecraft built for the successfulOrbital Express mission launched on 9 March 2007. The flight system had an estimated mass of 560 kg (1,230 lb). The spacecraft wasthree-axis stabilized, with body-fixedsolar arrays. It used ahigh-gain antenna in theKu-band to transmit to the ground through theTracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)geostationary system. Ball also performed the testing and flight system integration.[26]
Construction of the WISE telescope was divided between Ball Aerospace & Technologies (spacecraft, operations support), SSG Precision Optronics, Inc. (telescope, optics, scan mirror),DRS Technologies andRockwell International (focal planes),Lockheed Martin (cryostat, cooling for the telescope), andSpace Dynamics Laboratory (instruments, electronics, and testing). The program was managed through theJet Propulsion Laboratory.[12]
The WISE instrument was built by the Space Dynamics Laboratory inLogan, Utah.
WISE surveyed the sky in four wavelengths of the infrared band, at a very high sensitivity. Its design specified as goals that the full sky atlas of stacked images it produced have 5-sigma sensitivity limits of 120, 160, 650, and 2600microjanskies (μJy) at 3.3, 4.7, 12, and 23 μm (akamicrons).[27] WISE achieved at least 68, 98, 860, and 5400 μJy; 5 sigma sensitivity at 3.4, 4.6, 12, and 22 μm for the WISE All-Sky data release.[28] This is a factor of 1,000 times better sensitivity than the survey completed in 1983 by the IRAS satellite in the 12 and 23 μm bands, and a factor of 500,000 times better than the 1990s survey by theCosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite at 3.3 and 4.7 μm.[27] On the other hand, IRAS could also observe 60 and 100 μm wavelengths.[29]
The primary mission lasted 10 months: one month for checkout, six months for a full-sky survey, then an additional three months of survey until the cryogenic coolant (which kept the instruments at 17 K) ran out. The partial second survey pass facilitated the study of changes (e.g. orbital movement) in observed objects.[30]
On 8 November 2007, theHouse Committee on Science and Technology's Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics held a hearing to examine the status of NASA's Near-Earth Object (NEO) survey program. The prospect of using WISE was proposed by NASA officials.[31]
NASA officials told Committee staff that NASA planned to use WISE to detect near-Earth objects in addition to performing its science goals. It was projected that WISE could detect 400 NEOs (or roughly 2% of the estimated NEO population of interest) within its one-year mission.
By October 2010, over 33,500 new asteroids and comets were discovered, and nearly 154,000 Solar System objects had been observed by WISE.[32]
Discovery of an ultra-cool brown dwarf,WISEPC J045853.90+643451.9, about 10~30 light years away from Earth, was announced in late 2010 based on early data.[33] In July 2011, it was announced that WISE had discovered the first Earthtrojan asteroid,2010 TK7.[34] Also, the third-closest star system,Luhman 16.
As of May 2018, WISE / NEOWISE had also discovered 290 near-Earth objects and comets(seesection below).[35]
The WISE mission is led byEdward L. Wright of theUniversity of California, Los Angeles. The mission has a long history under Wright's efforts and was first funded by NASA in 1999 as a candidate for a NASA Medium-class Explorer (MIDEX) mission under the nameNext Generation Sky Survey (NGSS). The history of the program from 1999 to date is briefly summarized as follows:[citation needed]
Hibernation
Reactivation
The launch of the Delta II launch vehicle carrying the WISE spacecraft was originally scheduled for 11 December 2009. This attempt was scrubbed to correct a problem with a booster rocket steering engine. The launch was then rescheduled for 14 December 2009.[47] The second attempt launched on time at 14:09:33 UTC from Vandenberg Air Force Base inCalifornia. Thelaunch vehicle successfully placed the WISE spacecraft into the plannedpolar orbit at an altitude of 525 km (326 mi) above the Earth.[4]
WISE avoided the problem that affectedWide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE), which failed within hours of reaching orbit in March 1999.[48] In addition, WISE was 1,000 times more sensitive than prior surveys such asIRAS,AKARI, andCOBE'sDIRBE.[27]
A month-long checkout after launch found all spacecraft systems functioning normally and both the low- and high-rate data links to the operations center working properly. The instrument cover was successfully jettisoned on 29 December 2009.[49] A first light image was released on 6 January 2010: an eight-second exposure in theCarinaconstellation showinginfrared light infalse color from three of WISE's four wavelength bands: Blue, green and red corresponding to 3.4, 4.6, and 12 μm, respectively.[50] On 14 January 2010, the WISE mission started its official sky survey.[51]
The WISE group's bid for continued funding for an extended "warm mission" scored low by a NASA review board, in part because of a lack of outside groups publishing on WISE data. Such a mission would have allowed use of the 3.4 and 4.6 μm detectors after the last of cryo-coolant had been exhausted, with the goal of completing a second sky survey to detect additional objects and obtain parallax data on putative brown dwarf stars. NASA extended the mission in October 2010 to search for near-Earth objects (NEO).[12]
By October 2010, over 33,500 new asteroids and comets were discovered, and over 154,000 Solar System objects were observed by WISE.[32] While active it found dozens of previously unknown asteroids every day.[52] In total, it captured more than 2.7 million images during its primary mission.[53]
| LINEAR NEAT Spacewatch LONEOS | CSS Pan-STARRS NEOWISE others |
In October 2010, NASA extended the mission by one month with a program calledNear-Earth Object WISE (NEOWISE).[12] Due to its success, the program was extended a further three months.[5] The focus was to look for asteroids and comets close to Earth orbit, using the remaining post-cryogenic detection capability (two of four detectors on WISE work without cryogenic).[12] In February 2011, NASA announced that NEOWISE had discovered many new objects in the Solar System, including twenty comets.[54] During its primary and extended missions, the spacecraft delivered characterizations of 158,000 minor planets, including more than 35,000 newly discovered objects.[55][56]
After completing a full scan of the asteroid belt for the NEOWISE mission, the spacecraft was put into hibernation on 1 February 2011.[57] The spacecraft was briefly contacted to check its status on 20 September 2012.[5]
On 21 August 2013, NASA announced it would recommission NEOWISE to continue its search for near-Earth objects (NEO) and potentially dangerous asteroids. It would additionally search for asteroids that a robotic spacecraft could intercept and redirect to orbit the Moon. The extended mission would be for three years at a cost of US$5 million per year, and was brought about in part due to calls for NASA to step up asteroid detection after theChelyabinsk meteor exploded over Russia in February 2013.[13]
NEOWISE was successfully taken out of hibernation in September 2013.[58] With its coolant depleted, the spacecraft's temperature was reduced from 200 K (−73 °C; −100 °F) — a relatively high temperature resulting from its hibernation — to an operating temperature of 75 K (−198.2 °C; −324.7 °F) by having the telescope stare into deep space.[5][53] Its instruments were then re-calibrated,[53] and the first post-hibernation photograph was taken on 19 December 2013.[58]
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The post-hibernation NEOWISE mission was anticipated to discover 150 previously unknown near-Earth objects and to learn more about the characteristics of 2,000 known asteroids.[53][59] Few objects smaller than 100 m (330 ft) in diameter were detected by NEOWISE's automated detection software, known as the WISE Moving Object Processing Software (WMOPS), because it requires five or more detections to be reported.[60] The averagealbedo of asteroids larger than 100 m (330 ft) discovered by NEOWISE is 0.14.[60]
The telescope was turned on again in 2013, and by December 2013 the telescope had cooled down sufficiently to be able to resume observations.[61] Between then and May 2017, the telescope made almost 640,000 detections of over 26,000 previously known objects including asteroids and comets.[61] In addition, it discovered 416 new objects and about a quarter of those were near-Earth objects classification.[61]
As of July 2024, WISE / NEOWISE statistics lists a total of 399 near-Earth objects (NEOs), including2016 WF9 andC/2016 U1, discovered by the spacecraft:[35]
Of the 365 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), 66 of them are consideredpotentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs), a subset of the much larger family of NEOs, but particularly more likely to hit Earth and cause significant destruction.[35] NEOs can be divided into NECs (comets only) and NEAs (asteroids only), and further into subcategories such asAtira asteroids,Aten asteroids,Apollo asteroids,Amor asteroids and the potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).[62]
NEOWISE has provided an estimate of the size of over 1,850 near-Earth objects. NEOWISE mission was extended for two more years (1 July 2021 – 30 June 2023).[63]
As of June 2021[update] NEOWISE's replacement, the next-generationNEO Surveyor, is scheduled to launch in 2028, and will greatly expand on what humans have learned, and continue to learn, from NEOWISE.[63]
"As of August 2023 NEOWISE is 40% through the 20th coverage of the full sky since the start of the Reactivation mission."[64]
On 13 December 2023, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), announced that the satellite would enter a low orbit causing it to be unusable by early 2025. Increased solar activity as the sun approachessolar maximum duringSolar cycle 25 was expected to increaseatmospheric drag causingorbital decay. The satellite was expected to subsequently reenter the earth's atmosphere.[17] On 8 August 2024, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory updated its estimate of orbital decay to sometime in late 2024 and announced that NEOWISE's science survey had ended on 31 July.[18] NEOWISE entered and burnt up in the Earth's atmosphere at 8:49 p.m. EDT on 1 November 2024.[65]
On 14 April 2011, a preliminary release of WISE data was made public, covering 57% of the sky observed by the spacecraft.[66] On 14 March 2012, a new atlas and catalog of the entire infrared sky as imaged by WISE was released to the astronomic community.[41] On 31 July 2012, NEOWISE Post-Cryo Preliminary Data was released.[5] A release called AllWISE, combining all data, was released on 13 November 2013.[67] NEOWISE data is released annually.[67]
The WISE data include diameter estimates of intermediate precision, better than from an assumed albedo but not nearly as precise as good direct measurements, can be obtained from the combination of reflected light and thermal infrared emission, using a thermal model of the asteroid to estimate both its diameter and its albedo. In May 2016, technologistNathan Myhrvold questioned the precision of the diameters and claimed systemic errors arising from the spacecraft's design.[68][69][70] The original version of his criticism itself faced criticism for its methodology[71] and did not passpeer review,[69][72] but a revised version was subsequently published.[73][74] The same year, an analysis of 100 asteroids by an independent group of astronomers gave results consistent with the original WISE analysis.[74]
The Allwise co-added images were intentionally blurred, which is optimal for detecting isolated point sources. This has the disadvantage that many sources are not detected in crowded regions. The unofficial, unblurred coadds of the WISE imaging (unWISE) creates sharp images and masks defects and transients.[75] unWISE coadded images can be searched bycoordinates on the unWISE website.[76] unWISE images are used for thecitizen science projectsDisk Detective andBackyard Worlds.[77]
In 2019, a preliminary catalog was released. The catalog is called CatWISE. This catalog combines the WISE and NEOWISE data and provides photometry at 3.4 and 4.6 μm. It uses the unWISE images and the Allwise pipeline to detect sources. CatWISE includes fainter sources and far more accurate measurement of themotion of objects. The catalog is used to extend the number of discovered brown dwarfs, especially the cold and faint Y dwarfs. CatWISE is led by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL),California Institute of Technology, with funding from NASA's Astrophysics Data Analysis Program.[78][79] The CatWISE preliminary catalog can be accessed throughInfrared Science Archive (IRSA).[80]
In addition to numerous comets and minor planets, WISE and NEOWISE discovered manybrown dwarfs, some just a few light years from the solar system; the firstEarth trojan; and the most luminous galaxies in the universe.
Nearby stars discovered using WISE within 30 light years:
| Object | ly | Spectral type | Constellation | Right ascension | Declination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WISEA J1540–5101 | 17.4 | M7 | Norma | 15h 40m 43.537s | −51° 01′ 35.968″ |
| WISE J0720−0846 | 22.2 | M9.5+T5.5 | Monoceros | 07h 20m 03.254s | −08° 46′ 49.90″ |
The nearest brown dwarfs discovered by WISE within 20 light-years include:
 |
| Object | ly | Spectral type | Constellation | Right ascension | Declination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luhman 16 | 6.5 | L8 + T1 | Vela | 10h 49m 15.57s | −53° 19′ 06″ |
| WISE 0855−0714 | 7.3 | Y | Hydra | 8h 55m 10.83s | −7° 14′ 22.5″ |
| WISE 1639-6847 | 15.5 | Y0pec | Triangulum Australe | 16h 39m 40.83s | −68° 47′ 38.6″ |
| WISE J0521+1025 | 16 | T7.5 | Orion | 05h 21m 26.349s | 10° 25′ 27.41″ |
| WISE 1506+7027 | 16.9 | T6 | Ursa Minor | 15h 06m 49.89s | 70° 27′ 36.23″ |
| WISE 0350−5658 | 18 | Y1 | Reticulum | 03h 50m 00.32s | −56° 58′ 30.2″ |
| WISE 1741+2553 | 18 | T9 | Hercules | 17h 41m 24.22s | 25° 53′ 18.96″ |
| WISE 1541−2250 | 19[81] | Y0.5 | Libra | 15h 41m 51.57s | −22° 50′ 25.03″ |
Before the discovery ofLuhman 16 in 2013,WISE 1506+7027 at a distance of11.1+2.3
−1.3light-years was suspected to be closest brown dwarf on thelist of nearest stars(also see§ Map with nearby WISE stars).[82]
Directly imagedexoplanets first detected with WISE. SeeDefinition of exoplanets: IAU working definition as of 2018 requires Mplanet ≤ 13MJ and Mplanet/Mcentral < 0.04006. Mmin and Mmax are the lower and upper mass limit of the planet in Jupiter masses.
| Host name | Planet name | distance to earth (ly) | V-mag host star (mag) | projected separation (AU) | Mass planet (Mjup) | Discovery year | Note and reference | Planet according to IAU working definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L 34-26 | WISEPA J075108.79-763449.6 (COCONUTS-2b) | 36 | 11.3 | 6471 | 4.4-7.8 | 2011/2021 | first discovered with WISE in 2011, but planet status was established in 2021 by taking the listedproper motion of the planet and matching it with theGaia proper motion of the star[83] | Mmin=4.4<13 Mmax=7.8<13Mmax/Mcentral=0.02<0.04 |
| BD+60 1417 | CWISER J124332.12+600126.2 (BD+60 1417 b) | 144 | 9.4 | 1662 | 10-20 | 2021 | Only the minimum mass is within the IAU working definition[84] | Mmin=10<13 Mmax=20>13Mmax/Mcentral=0.019<0.04 |
| GJ 900 | CW2335+0142 | 68 | 9.5 | 12000 | 10.5 | 2024 | [85] | Mplanet=10.5<13 Mplanet/Mcentral=0.009<0.04 |
| 2MASS J05581644–4501559 | CWISE J055816.67-450233.4 (0558 B) | 88 | 14.9 | 1043 | 6-12 | 2024 | [86] | Mmax=12<13 Mmax/Mcentral=? |
The sensitivity of WISE in the infrared enabled the discovery of disk around young stars and oldwhite dwarf systems. These discoveries usually require a combination of optical, near infrared and WISE or Spitzer mid-infrared observations. Examples are the red dwarfWISE J080822.18-644357.3, the brown dwarfWISEA J120037.79-784508.3 and the white dwarfLSPM J0207+3331. The NASA citizen science projectDisk Detective is using WISE data. Additionally researchers used NEOWISE to discover eruptingyoung stellar objects.[87]
Researchers discovered a few nebulae using WISE. Such as the type Iax remnantPa 30. Nebulae around the massiveB-type starsBD+60° 2668 andALS 19653,[88] an obscured shell around theWolf-Rayet starWR 35[89] and a halo around theHelix Nebula, aplanetary nebula[90] were also discovered with WISE.
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) can be identified from their mid-infrared color. One work used for example a combination ofGaia and unWISE data to identify AGNs.[91]Luminous infrared galaxies can be detected in the infrared. One study usedSDSS and WISE to identify such galaxies.[92] NEOWISE observed the entire sky for more than 10 years and can be used to findtransient events. Some of these discovered transients areTidal Disruption Events (TDE) in galaxies[93] and infrared detection ofsupernovae similar toSN 2010jl.
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WISE is credited with discovering 3,088 numbered minor planets.[94] Examples of the mission's numbered minor planet discoveries include:
On 27 March 2020, the cometC/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) was discovered by the WISE spacecraft. It eventually became a naked-eye comet and was widely photographed by professional and amateur astronomers. It was the brightest comet visible in thenorthern hemisphere since cometHale-Bopp in 1997.
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