Whitney Elizabeth Houston was born on August 9, 1963, at Presbyterian Hospital inNewark, New Jersey, toEmily "Cissy" (née Drinkard) and John Russell Houston Jr.[10] Cissy was aGrammy-winning gospel and soul singer who was a member ofThe Drinkard Singers and the founder ofThe Sweet Inspirations before becoming a solo artist.[11][12] John was a formerArmy serviceman who later became an administrator under Newark mayorKenneth A. Gibson. According to her mother, Houston was named after actressWhitney Blake.[13] Houston was given the nickname "Nippy" by her father.[14]
Houston's parents were both African-American. Cissy Houston stated that she had partial Dutch and Native American ancestry.[15] Houston was a cousin of singersDionne andDee Dee Warwick as well as a cousin of opera singerLeontyne Price.Aretha Franklin was an "honorary aunt" whileDarlene Love was Houston's godmother.[16][17][18] Houston's paternal great-great-grandfatherJeremiah Burke Sanderson was anAmerican abolitionist and advocate for the civil and educational rights of black Americans during the mid-19th century.[19][20] Houston had three older brothers: paternal half-brother John III;[21] maternal half-brotherGary, a basketball player and singer;[22] and full brother Michael.[23]
At three, Houston witnessed theNewark race riots of 1967.[24][25][26] Following Cissy signing a solo recording contract in 1970, the Houston family relocated to a suburban area ofEast Orange, New Jersey, called Doddtown.[27] Prior to moving to East Orange, the Houstons had raised their children on Newark's Wainwright Street.[28] Houston's parents married in the spring of 1964, just months before Houston's first birthday.[29] Initially a happy union, the marriage dissolved by Houston's teen years after Houston's father suffered a near-fatalheart attack.[30] By 17, Houston's parents separated; divorcing over a decade later.[31]
Houston was raised in theBaptist faith. She joined the church choir atNew Hope Baptist Church in Newark at the age of five, and she also learned to play piano at New Hope.[24][25] She later recalled being exposed to thePentecostal church nearby as well. Houston made her solo performance debut at New Hope singing the hymn "Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah" at the age of 12.[32] Around this same period, she told her mother that she wanted to pursue a career in music.[33] Houston would be trained on how to sing by Cissy throughout her teen years.[34] Houston’s biggest musical influence was her mother.[35] She was also heavily influenced by her successful cousins Dionne and Dee Dee.[36] Other musical influences includedKaren Carpenter,Aretha Franklin,Chaka Khan,Gladys Knight, andRoberta Flack.[37][38]
Houston attended Franklin Elementary School (now the Whitney E. Houston Academy of Creative and Performing Arts) from first grade to sixth grade before transferring toMount Saint Dominic Academy, a Catholic girls' high school inCaldwell, New Jersey, at 13.[32] She graduated from Mount Saint Dominic in 1981.[39][40]
Career
1977–1984: Career beginnings
Houston's professional career began when she joined her mother's band as a background singer at fourteen while Cissy performed atManhattan cabaret clubs.[41] Houston gave her first solo during Cissy's performance at Manhattan'sTown Hall in February 1978, performing "Tomorrow" from theBroadway musical,Annie, where she received her first standing ovation.[42][43] Houston began a career as asession vocalist backing up artists like her mother,Michael Zager,Chaka Khan andLou Rawls.[44][45] Houston was the featured vocalist in Zager'sdisco song "Life's a Party" (1978).[46]
Houston became a fashion model in 1980 after being spotted atCarnegie Hall and signed first with Click Models before moving onto theWilhelmina Models agency, where she landed the cover ofSeventeen.[47] Houston'sgirl next door charm helped her to land in fashion spreads forGlamour,Cosmopolitan andYoung Miss.[45] Houston continued her music career during this period, recording demos of gospel recordings.[48] Houston's vocal talent made her sought after for recording deals, but were turned down by her mother, who insisted that Houston finish high school.[44][49]
Signing with Tara Productions in September 1981, Houston hired Gene Harvey as her manager, with Daniel Gittleman and Seymour Flics also playing part in managing her.[50][51][52][53] During 1982, Houston auditioned for bothElektra Records andCBS Records.[54] Houston's feature on the song "Memories" fromMaterial's albumOne Down, led to critical raves, with then-Village Voice criticRobert Christgau calling it "one of the most gorgeous ballads you've ever heard".[55] ProducerPaul Jabara later featured her on the ballad, "Eternal Love", issued off his album,Paul Jabara & Friends.[56]
After seeing Houston perform at theSeventh Avenue South nightclub in Manhattan, Gerry Griffith--then theA&R representative forArista Records--convinced label headClive Davis to see her perform at the Sweetwaters nightclub the following evening. Upon viewing the performance, an impressed Davis offered Houston a recording contract. With her parents present, Houston signed on April 10, 1983.[57][58]
Houston did not begin work on an album immediately.[64] The label wanted to make sure no other company signed her away and Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material and producers for her debut album. Some producers passed on the project because of prior commitments.[52] After seeing her perform in New York,Michael Masser paired Houston withTeddy Pendergrass, on the duet, "Hold Me", which appeared on his album,Love Language.[65] Released in May 1984, the song gave Houston her first taste of success, becoming a top-ten hit on the USR&B andadult contemporary charts.[66] Houston also received notice in 1984 after being paired up withJermaine Jackson, with whom the duet, "Take Good Care of My Heart", was featured on Jackson'sDynamite album, while also appearing with Jackson performing the song and another duet, "Nobody Loves Me Like You Do", on an episode ofAs the World Turns. All three songs eventually appeared on her debut album.
1985–1986:Whitney Houston and rise to international prominence
Whitney Houston was released onValentine's Day, February 14, 1985.[67] The album received mixed to positive reviews in its initial run, with most of the positive remarks aimed at Houston's vocal ability.Rolling Stone called Houston "one of the most exciting new voices in years" whileThe New York Times called the album "an impressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent".[68][69] Debuting at number 166 on theBillboard 200 on March 30, 1985, the album reached the top ten 23 weeks later.[70] It reached number one in March 1986, starting a 14-week run, which is the longest run for a female debut album in history.[71][72]
Whitney Houston launched four top ten singles on theBillboard Hot 100, with the first, "You Give Good Love" reaching number three on July 27, 1985.[73] The song attracted some notoriety after advice columnistAnn Landers included it in her list of rock songs deemed "trashy music" on herAsk Ann Landers column; Houston quickly addressed Landers's comments in an interview withThe Chicago Tribune.[74][75] The song was followed by Houston'srendition of "Saving All My Love for You", which became her first number one single on theBillboard Hot 100 on October 26, two days before Houston opened atCarnegie Hall.[76][77] The album's follow-up singles, "How Will I Know" and "Greatest Love of All", also topped the charts, with the former peaking on February 15, 1986 for two weeks and the latter peaking on May 17, 1986 for three weeks. In accomplishing this, Houston became the first female artist to land three number one singles off the same album on theBillboard Hot 100, also becoming the first female solo artist to produce three consecutive number one singles. In addition, the ballad "All at Once" became an international hit in Europe and Japan.[78]
Whitney Houston did not just perform well on the domestic charts; it became a global success as well. The album reached the top ten in 19 other countries, including theUK, and topping in six other countries, includingCanada andAustralia. The album has since been certifiedDiamond in the United States for sales of 14 million copies,[79] with over 25 million units sold worldwide, becoming the best-selling solo debut album in music history and thebest-selling debut album by a female artist.[80] The album is also listed in theGuinness World Records as the best-selling R&B studio album by a female artist in history.[81][82][83][84]
In a May 25, 1986 article onThe New York Times, journalistStephen Holden declared Houston "the newqueen of pop".[84] The album's success was attributed to performances onlate-night talk shows, a format not often accessible to emerging black talent at the time and exposure on music video stations, includingMTV, which at the time was receiving harsh criticism for not playing enough videos from artists of color while favoring predominantly white acts.[71][85] Houston stated the channel rejected the clip to "You Give Good Love" for "being a very R&B kind of song", only for them to play the clip for "Saving All My Love for You" due to the song "hit(ting) so hard and explod(ing) so heavy" that they "had no choice but to play it".[86] In December, the video to "How Will I Know" was submitted and accepted by MTV brass and sent the video to heavy rotation almost immediately after it debuted that month and later led to Houston's music regularly being played on the channel, the first occurrence for ablack female artist.[87][88] The success of the "How Will I Know" video resulted in Houston winning theMTV Video Music Award forBest Female Video in September. In July 1986, her first major world tour,The Greatest Love World Tour, was launched and Houston performed on four continents for 54 shows until that December.
In June 1987, Houston's second album,Whitney, was released. Mostly produced byNarada Michael Walden, critics complained that the material was too similar to her previous album.Rolling Stone said, "the narrow channel through which this talent has been directed is frustrating".[99] Regardless of mixed reviews, the album enjoyed commercial success. On June 27, Houston became the first woman in music history to debut at number one on theBillboard 200 with the album.[100] Houston was also the first artist ever to enter number one in the US and UK simultaneously, while also reaching number one in every country it charted.[101][102] The album stayed at number one on theBillboard 200 for its first eleven weeks and is one of five albums to spend their first ten weeks or more at number one on the chart.[103]
The album's first single, "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", was a massive hit worldwide, peaking at number one on theBillboard Hot 100 and topping the charts in 17 countries, including Australia, West Germany and the UK.[104] Three more singles from the album — "Didn't We Almost Have It All", "So Emotional" and "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" — reached number one on the Hot 100 within a six-month stretch. Following the latter's peak on April 23, 1988, Houston became the first artist to produce seven consecutive number one hits on the Hot 100, breaking a record of six, held byThe Beatles and theBee Gees.[101] Houston remains the only artist to ever accomplish this feat as of 2025.[102] Houston also broke an all-time record for most number ones recorded by a solo female artist at the time and broke her own record by producing four number one singles off the same album. When the fifth single, "Love Will Save the Day", peaked at number nine on the chart, Houston joined a small list of artists to have more than five top ten singles off an album.[105]Whitney has sold more than 20 million copies worldwide,[106] with ten million sold in the United States alone, where it has been certified Diamond.[79][107]
Whitney earned Houston a second Grammy nomination for Album of the Year, while "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" won her a second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.[108][109] Houston went on to win four American Music Awards, sixBillboard awards and her firstSoul Train Music Award for the album.[110][111][112]
Houston launched her second world tour, theMoment of Truth World Tour, in July 1987. The North American leg of the tour grossed more than $20 million, becoming one of the top ten tours on the continent, as well as the top female tour.[113][114] An expansive tour, the singer toured 160 dates in four continents, including nine sold-out dates at London'sWembley Arena. During that period, Houston recorded one of the maintheme songs for the1988 Summer Olympics inSeoul, "One Moment in Time", which later became a top five US hit and hit number one in the UK, Germany and Europe and won Houston aSports Emmy Award.[115][116][117][118]
Houston participated in theNelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at London'sWembley Stadium in support of the then-imprisonedcivil rights activist and the anti-apartheid movement. Houston had refused work in South Africa due to the country's then strictapartheid laws.[119][120][121] The concert aired on June 11 of the year, was watched by half a billion viewers and raised $1 million in charities, raising awareness to apartheid.[122] That August, Houston held a benefit concert atMadison Square Garden to raise money to fundHBCUs, raising a quarter of a million dollars.[123] Houston'sphilanthropy continued in 1989 when she founded the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, a nonprofit organization that has raised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, children with cancer or AIDS and other issues of self-empowerment.[124][125]
Houston's unprecedented success during this era causedForbes magazine to take notice. In 1987, she ranked 8th place among the highest-paid entertainers in show business, earning $43 million, only trailingBill Cosby andEddie Murphy.[126] She ranked 17th place in 1988.[127][128]
1990–1991:I'm Your Baby Tonight and "The Star-Spangled Banner"
Houston performing "My Name is Not Susan" on theWelcome Home Heroes concert in 1991
With the success of her first two albums, Houston became an international crossover superstar, appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed she was "selling out".[129] They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that was present during her live concerts.[130] At the1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston's name was called out for a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.[131][132] Houston defended herself against the criticism, stating, "If you're gonna have a long career, there's a certain way to do it and I did it that way. I'm not ashamed of it."[130]
Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album,I'm Your Baby Tonight, released in November 1990. The first album in which she served asexecutive producer and exerted creative control for the first time in her career, Houston recruited the production team ofAntonio "L.A." Reid andBabyface, as well asLuther Vandross andStevie Wonder for the album, while retaining previous producer Walden. Reviews were mixed to positive.Rolling Stone felt it was her "best and most integrated album",[133] whileEntertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston's shift towards an urban direction was "superficial".[134]
Commercially, the album was a success, peaking at number three on theBillboard 200, staying inside the top ten for 22 weeks, becoming the tenth best-selling album of 1991, while topping theTop R&B Albums chart, staying there for eight weeks. As a result, Houston earned fourBillboard Music Awards, including the top-selling R&B album of 1991.[135] Houston returned to the top of the Hot 100 withthe title track and "All the Man That I Need", helping Houston to set another chart record by being the first female soloist to have multiple number one pop songs on three albums at least.[136][a] The title track, in particular, gave Babyface and Reid their first number one pop single, while "All the Man That I Need" became Houston's third single to top the pop, R&B and AC charts. The ballad "Miracle" and the morehip-hop driven "My Name Is Not Susan" followed those singles inside the top 20, with "Miracle" reaching the top ten. The remix of "My Name Is Not Susan" included rapperMonie Love.[137]
I'm Your Baby Tonight would go on to sell ten million units worldwide, including going platinum four times in the US.[79][138] In addition to winning the four Billboard Music Awards, Houston was nominated for several Grammys and American Music Awards for the album. A bonus track from the album's Japanese edition, "Higher Love", was remixed by Norwegian DJ and record producerKygo and released posthumously in 2019 to commercial success. It topped the USDance Club Songs chart and reached number two in the UK, becoming Houston's highest-charting single in the country since 1999.[139]
Houston donated her share of the proceeds to theAmerican Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund and was named to the Red Cross Board of Governors.[140][149][150] Her rendition was critically acclaimed and is considered the benchmark for singers;[144][151] VH1 listed the performance as one of the greatest moments that rocked TV.[152] Following theSeptember 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the single was rereleased, with all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. It reached number 6 in the Hot 100 and was certified platinum.[153] The song's re-charting made Houston the first woman to chart the same song inside the top 20 of the Hot 100.[154] Later in 1991, Houston put together herWelcome Home Heroes concert withHBO for the soldiers fighting in the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place atNaval Station Norfolk inNorfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch.[155] The show gave HBO its highest ratings ever at the time.[156]
Houston embarked on her third world tour, theI'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour, in which Houston performed 99 shows, including a ten-date sold-out residency at Wembley Arena in London. The concert tour produced mixed to positive reviews. WhileThe Sun Sentinel argued that Houston should've opted for smaller venues and theaters that were "far more suitable to her sophistication and talent",[157]USA Today praised Houston for "shak[ing] the confinements of her recordings' calculated productions and gets downright gutsy and soulful".[158]
1992–1994:The Bodyguard
With the success of her music, Houston received offers of film work, including work withRobert De Niro,Quincy Jones andSpike Lee, but she did not feel the time was right.[132] Her first film role was inThe Bodyguard, released in 1992. Houston played a star who is being stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard (played byKevin Costner) to protect her. Houston's mainstream appeal allowed audiences to look past the interracial nature of her character's relationship with Costner's character.[159] However, controversy arose as some felt Houston's face had been intentionally left out of the advertising to hide the film's interracial relationship. In a 1993 interview withRolling Stone, Houston said that "people know who Whitney Houston is – I'm black. You can't hide that fact."[37]
The film received mixed reviews. While Houston was accused of merely “playing herself” but came out “largely unscathed”,[160] and “lacked chemistry” with her co-star,[161] another review wrote that she “photographs wonderfully, and has a warm smile, and yet is able to suggest selfish and egotistical dimensions in the character.”[162] Houston was nominated forOutstanding Actress at theNAACP Image Awards, theMTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance and thePeople's Choice Award nod for Favorite Actress in a Dramatic Motion Picture.[163][164] Upon its release,The Bodyguard grossed more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 million worldwide, making it one of the top 100 highest-grossing films in history at its time of release.[165] It remains in the top 50 of most successfulR-ratedfilms in box-office history.[166]
The film'ssoundtrack also enjoyed success. Asexecutive producer of the soundtrack, Houston recorded six tracks, two of which she produced.[167][168]Rolling Stone described it as "nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane".[169] The soundtrack opened at number two on theBillboard 200 and took the number-one spot the following week, accumulating 20 weeks atop the chart, the first album by a woman to do so. One of the fastest-selling albums ever,[170] it became the first album in music history to sell more than a million copies in a single week under theNielsen Soundscan tracking system.[171][172]The Bodyguard became the first album in history by a female artist to be certified diamond by the RIAA after it passed the ten-million mark in early November 1993.[79] It has since gone on to sell more than 19 million copies alone in the US, with total sales reaching 45 million copies worldwide, becoming thebest-selling album by a female artist and thebest-selling soundtrack album in history,[173] earning Houston severalGuinness World Records.[174]
The soundtrack's lead single was "I Will Always Love You", written and originally recorded byDolly Parton. Houston's version was highly acclaimed by critics, regarding it as her "signature song" or "iconic performance".Rolling Stone andUSA Today called her rendition atour-de-force.[183][184] The song went on to become the longest-running number one single inBillboard Hot 100 history at the time for a record setting 14 weeks. The song also became Houston's fourth record-setting "triple-crown" number oneBillboard hit after it topped the R&B and AC charts.[185][c] It has gone on to sell more than eleven million units in the United States and was certified diamond in January 2021, making Houston just one of four female artists to earn a diamond-certified single and album.[186][187] It remains the best-selling US single by a female artist.[188][189][190][191] The song topped the charts in 34 countries and went on to sell 24 million units worldwide, becoming thebest-selling single ever by a female solo artist.[192][193] Houston earned theGrammys forRecord of the Year andBest Pop Female Vocal Performance.[194]
The soundtrack's follow-up singles, "I'm Every Woman" and "I Have Nothing", both reached number four on theBillboard Hot 100. Houston set a newBillboard Hot 100 chart record on March 13, 1993 when the two singles joined "I Will Always Love You" in simultaneously charting inside the top 20 in the same week, the first for an artist in theNielsen SoundScan era.[195][196][197][198][199] The fourth single, "Run to You", achieved modest success in the US and UK, while "Queen of the Night" reached the top 40 in several global charts and a remixed version topped the US dance chart. The success ofThe Bodyguard led to Houston becoming acover story forRolling Stone in its June 10, 1993 issue.[200]
Houston performing at a state dinner in theWhite House honoring South African presidentNelson Mandela in 1994
Houston then embarked on her most expansive global tour to date:The Bodyguard World Tour. She toured for nearly two years to mostly sold-out audiences across five continents. Houston eventually ranked as the third highest-earning female entertainer of 1993-94, according toForbes, named as one of the 100 most powerful people in Hollywood byPremiere and placed in the top five ofEntertainment Weekly's annual "Entertainer of the Year" ranking.[201][202]
In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in theWhite House honoring newly elected South African presidentNelson Mandela.[203][204] At the end of her world tour, Houston performed three concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to more than 200,000 people; this made her the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation following Mandela's winning election.[205] Portions ofWhitney: The Concert for a New South Africa were broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts being donated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation's "biggest media event since the inauguration of Nelson Mandela".[206] In May 1995, Houston hosted the8th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.[207] A month later, in June 1995, Houston's Whitney Houston Foundation for Children was awarded a VH1 Honor for all of their charitable work.[208]
1995–1997:Waiting to Exhale,The Preacher's Wife andCinderella
In 1995, Houston starred inWaiting to Exhale as Savannah Jackson, a TV producer. Houston called the film "a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents them both as professionals and as caring mothers".[209] Itreached number one in the US box office and entered the highest-grossing film lists of both 1995 and 1996, eventually grossing over $67 million in the US, while grossing $81 million altogether worldwide.[210] At the time of release, the film received mixed reviews from critics. According to Susan King from theLos Angeles Times, the film "showed the power of black actresses and led to other successful movies with ethnic casts."[211] The film's success led to similar films such asHow Stella Got Her Groove Back,The Best Man andDiary of a Mad Black Woman.[211][212][213][214] The film was also notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens rather than as stereotypes.[215] Houston received positive reviews for her role, withThe New York Times reporting: "Ms. Houston has shed the defensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in 'The Bodyguard' seem so distant."[216] Houston was nominated a second time for theNAACP Image Award forOutstanding Actress.[217]
Houston contributed three songs to the film's soundtrack and advised producerBabyface to make it an "album of women with vocal distinction".[209] As a result, several other contemporary female R&B singers such asBrandy,Mary J. Blige andToni Braxton contributed to the soundtrack. Houston's single, "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)", debuted at number one on theBillboard Hot 100, only the third single to do so.[218][d] Two other Houston singles from the soundtrack, "Count On Me", a duet withCeCe Winans, and "Why Does It Hurt So Bad", also reached the US top 40, with "Count On Me" reaching number eight on theBillboard Hot 100. The soundtrack reached number one on theBillboard 200 in January 1996 and was certified seven-times platinum in the US.[218] The album received eleven Grammy nominations and the American Music Award forFavorite Soundtrack.[218] The soundtrack received strong reviews; asEntertainment Weekly stated: "the album goes down easy, just as you'd expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks ... the soundtrack waits to exhale, hovering in sensuous suspense"[219] and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best Movie Soundtracks.[220]
Houston's next film, theChristmascomedyThe Preacher's Wife (1996), was largely an update ofThe Bishop's Wife (1948) and starred Houston alongsideDenzel Washington andCourtney B. Vance. Houston earned $10 million for the role, making her the highest-earning African-American actress in Hollywood at the time.[221] The movie, with its all African-American cast, was a moderate success, earning about $50 million in the US.[222] The film gave Houston the strongest reviews of her acting career.The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston "is rather angelic herself, displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time" and she "exudes gentle yet spirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice".[223] Houston won theNAACP Image Award forOutstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for the film.[224]
Theaccompanying soundtrack was Houston's first full-length foray intogospel music, which she produced withMervyn Warren. Six of the more traditional gospel tracks were recorded with theGeorgia Mass Choir at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Upon its release, the soundtrack entered number three on theBillboard 200 and topped theTop Gospel Albums chart, the first by a female artist.[225] Three singles were released, including "I Believe in You and Me", which reached the US top-ten, and "Step by Step", which became a hit in Europe. The soundtrack sold six million units worldwide, becoming the best-selling gospel album of all time.[226] Despite its success, Houston complained of not receiving a gospel nomination at the40th Annual Grammy Awards in 1998 and responded by boycotting the ceremony.[227][e] Houston's work was acknowledged by theDove Awards and theNAACP Image Awards, where Houston received the award forOutstanding Gospel Artist.
In 1996, Houston formed her film production company, BrownHouse Productions.Debra Martin Chase became her partner. Their goal was "to show aspects of the lives of African-Americans that have not been brought to the screen before" while improving how African-Americans are portrayed in film and television.[228] Their first project was amade-for-television remake ofRodgers and Hammerstein'sCinderella. In addition to co-producing, Houston starred in the film as theFairy Godmother along withBrandy,Jason Alexander,Whoopi Goldberg andBernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the role of Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.[229] The film is notable for its multi-racial cast and non-stereotypical message.[230] An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC its highest TV ratings in 16 years.[231] The movie received sevenEmmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or Comedy Special.
1998–2000:My Love Is Your Love andWhitney: The Greatest Hits
In 1998, Houston releasedMy Love Is Your Love, her firststudio album in eight years. Released during the so-called "Super Tuesday" week on November 17 of the year where multiple albums by other recording artists were also issued, the album debuted and peaked at number 13 on theBillboard 200.[236][237][238][239] The album featured production fromRodney Jerkins,Wyclef Jean andMissy Elliott and resulted in Houston receiving some of her strongest reviews ever, withRolling Stone writing that Houston was singing "with a bite in her voice"[240] whileThe Village Voice called it "Whitney's sharpest and most satisfying so far".[241]Billboard magazine noted the album had a "funkier and edgier sound than past releases" and saw Houston "handling urban dance,hip hop, mid-tempoR&B,reggae,torch songs and ballads all with great dexterity".[242] The album produced five top 40 singles on theBillboard Hot 100, the most for a Houston album since 1987'sWhitney.
Houston's North American leg of herworld tour to promote the album was successful but plagued by cancellations with Houston's publicist citing "throat problems and a 'bronchitis situation'".[244] However, its European leg was ranked as the highest-grossing arena tour of the year in the continent.[245] The success of the tour led toMy Love Is Your Love reaching number one on theEuropean Top 100 Albums chart in August 1999, staying there for six weeks.[246] All of Houston's singles from the album were successful internationally, with the title track reaching number one on the Eurochart Hot 100 and selling more than three million units worldwide while the last release, "I Learned From the Best" topped the charts in Poland and Romania.[247] Eventually, global sales of the album reached 10 million units worldwide.[248]
The album's European success helped Houston win theMTV Europe Music Award forBest R&B, while the music video for "Heartbreak Hotel" led to Houston receiving her firstMTV Video Music Award nomination in over a decade.[249][250][251][252] Nominated for four Grammys at the2000 ceremony, Houston nabbed her sixth and final competitive Grammy in theBest Female R&B Vocal Performance category for "It's Not Right but It's Okay".[253] Near the end of the year, theRecording Industry Association of America hosted its Century Awards and named Houston the top-selling R&B female artist of the century with certified US sales of 51 million records at the time while thesoundtrack toThe Bodyguard received the award for top-selling soundtrack album of the century.[254] In March 2000, Houston earned a special honor at the14th Soul Train Music Awards as the female artist of the decade for her extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s.[255][256]
The next year, in May 2000, Houston's first compilation album,Whitney: The Greatest Hits, was released. The album reached number five in the US and number one in the UK and also reached the top ten in multiple countries.[257][258] A double-disc collection, the album's first disc, "Cool Down", featured all of Houston's hit ballads, while the second disc, "Throw Down", featuredhouse andclub remixes of the singer's uptempo hits, in response to the well-received dance remixes fromMy Love Is Your Love.[259][260] It also included four new tracks, three of them duets from the likes ofDeborah Cox,Enrique Iglesias andGeorge Michael. The singles with the latter two artists, "Could I Have This Kiss Forever" and "If I Told You That", both became hits in Europe. The set was later certified five times platinum in the US for sales of five million copies, while worldwide sales reached 10 million.[79][261]
Houston outside theCapitol Hill, Washington, D.C., on October 16, 2000
Houston's reputation as "America's Sweetheart", which she was nicknamed for the duration of her career, came under scrutiny at the beginning of the2000s. Reports of erratic behavior, showing up hours late to interviews, photo shoots, rehearsals and canceling several concerts, had been following her since the late1990s.[262][263]
Houston failed to show up to inductClive Davis into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2000.[264] Weeks later, Houston was scheduled to perform at theAcademy Awards but was fired from the event by musical director and longtime friendBurt Bacharach. At the time, her publicist cited throat problems as the reason for the cancellation. In his book,The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, author Steve Pond revealed that "Houston's voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery, and her attitude was casual, almost defiant"; though she was supposed to perform "Over the Rainbow", she sang a different song during rehearsals.[265] Houston later admitted she had been fired.[266] Houston, however, did show up for a scheduled performance to celebrate Arista's 25th anniversary withClive Davis, her performance received good reviews.[267]
In May 2000, Houston's longtime executive assistant and friend,Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston's management company.[264]
Despite increasing negative press, Houston continued to find success. She produced the filmThe Princess Diaries (2001) alongside fellow BrownHouse partner Debra Martin Chase. StarringAnne Hathaway andJulie Andrews, the film became anunexpected success in the box office, grossing more than $165 million worldwide. Houston and Chase became the first black people in box office history to produce a film that surpassed $100 million in the box office.[268] In August 2001, Houston signed one of the biggest record deals in music history, with Arista/BMG. She renewed her contract for $100 million to release six new albums, for which she would also earn royalties.[269][270][271]
Houston released her fifth studio album,Just Whitney, in December 2002. The album debuted at number nine on theBillboard 200 and was certified platinum, though it received mixed reviews.[276][277][266] In August 2003, Houston's second television film as a producer,The Cheetah Girls, premiered on theDisney Channel. A soundtrack of the film, executive produced by Houston, became successful, reaching double platinum status in the US. Later that November, Houston released her first Christmas album,One Wish: The Holiday Album, which featured traditional holiday songs and was certified gold in the US.[278]
In April 2004, Houston's second film as producer,The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, was equally successful in the box office like its predecessor, earning $134 million in the box office. For most of the year, Houston toured internationally.[279][280] Houston's success behind the scenes continued in 2006 with the airing ofThe Cheetah Girls 2, which Houston served as executive producer. The film remains one of the highest-ratedDisney Channel Original Movies (DCOM) in history with more than 8.1 million viewers tuning in for the premiere.[281]
Houston releasedI Look to You in August 2009. The album debuted at No. 1 on theBillboard 200 with 305,000 copies sold, marking a strong return.[282] The album's success was followed by her performance on various European television shows and her appearance as a guest mentor onThe X Factor in the UK. Despite awardrobe malfunction during her performance of "Million Dollar Bill", the single still achieved commercial success, later goingplatinum in the United Kingdom.[283] Thetitle track was also a hit and was later certifiedplatinum in the United States. Following the album's release, Houston embarked on theNothing but Love World Tour, her first world tour in more than 10 years. Despite some negative reviews and rescheduled concerts, Houston continued to perform.[284]
In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards and won Best Music Video for "I Look to You".[285] On January 16, she received the Entertainers Award at theBET Honors, acknowledging her lifetime achievements spanning more than 25 years. In January 2011, Houston made a surprise appearance at theBET Celebration of Gospel where she joined friend, gospel singerKim Burrell onstage, to perform a duet version of "I Look to You"; their performance was received well. It would be Houston's final television performance prior to her death.[286]
Later in 2010, Houston was cast in the remake of the 1976 filmSparkle, where she served as both a star and executive producer. The film marked her final acting role before her untimely death.[287] The movie was released on August 17, 2012. Thesoundtrack featured "Celebrate", the last song Houston recorded, which was released in May 2012.[288]
Personal life
Religion
Houston was aChristian, and she made it a point to sing gospel songs when on tour.[289][290] During her childhood, she regularly attendedNew Hope Baptist Church where she joined the children's choir and later performed solos on a regular basis there. Houston's motherCissy wrote that while at New Hope, Houston "got saved" and she later told her that she "accepted the Savior into her life" at around 12 years old.[291] Houston's recording of "Do You Hear What I Hear", from the Christmascompilation album,A Very Special Christmas (1987), has constantly appeared on theBillboard gospel charts since 2011. In 1997, Houston was given a special honor from theDove Awards for helping to bringgospel music to the attention of the mainstream.[292] Two of Houston's final recordings—"His Eye Is on the Sparrow" and "Celebrate", from the 2012 film,Sparkle—posthumously made theBillboard gospel charts. Her last public performance prior to her death was an impromptu duet of "Jesus Loves Me" with friend and former collaboratorKelly Price at the Tru nightclub in Hollywood.[293]
Houston first metRobyn Crawford when Crawford was 19 and Houston was 16; the two were summer camp counselors. According to Crawford, the two were romantically involved for a few years until Houston began seeking arecording contract.[294][295][296] Crawford and Houston continued their professional relationship and platonic friendship until Crawford left Houston's employ in 2000.[264]
In July 2012, it was reported that rapperMC Hammer was encouraged to marry Houston by her father John duringSuper Bowl XXV in January 1991, despite the fact that Hammer was already a married man with children; Houston and Hammer maintained a friendship until Houston's death.[298][299]
Houston met R&B singerBobby Brown at the1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three-year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.[300] The two singers occasionally collaborated on songs, including the hit record, "Something in Common".[279] The following year, Houston gave birth to their daughterBobbi Kristina Brown (March 4, 1993 – July 26, 2015),[301] the couple's only child.
During their marriage, Brown had several run-ins with the law fordrunken driving, drug possession andbattery, including some jail time.[302][303] In December 2003, Brown was charged with battery following an altercation during which he threatened to beat Houston and then assaulted her. Police reported that Houston had visible injuries to her face.[279]
Starting in April of the following year, the reality showBeing Bobby Brown was taped and later premiered onBravo, in June 2005. The show drew criticism for what critics perceived to be unflattering moments from the couple,[304] but still achieved high ratings. However, the show was not renewed for a second season after Houston declined further participation.[305][306] In September 2006, a year afterBeing Bobby Brown aired, Houston filed for legal separation from Brown, later filing for divorce the following month, citingirreconcilable differences.[307][308] The divorce was granted on April 24, 2007.[309]
Legal issues
On April 19, 1991, at the start of herI'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour, Houston and her brother Michael got involved in an altercation with three men at a hotel inLexington, Kentucky after the men reportedly sought her for an autograph while they were trying to watch aheavyweight boxing championship match.[310] After seeing the men attack her brother, Houston reportedly jumped on one of the men, Ransom Brotherton, and punched him off her brother before Houston and her entourage fled from the hotel. Brotherton reported the incident, which led to him having to go to the hospital to receive "12 stitches over his left eye".[310] Houston was charged with fourth degree assault for attacking Brotherton and "threatening to kill him", while her brother was charged with assaulting another man involved in the melee, Kevin Owens.[310]
Charges were dropped against the Houstons in May due to "contradictory evidence" and due to the prosecution struggling to "prove them guilty".[311][312] It was later revealed that the altercation began after the three men yelledracial slurs at Houston.[313]
On January 11, 2000, while Houston was traveling with her husbandBobby Brown, airport security guards discovered half an ounce ofmarijuana in her handbag atKeahole-Kona International Airport in Hawaii. She departed before authorities could arrive.[314][315] Houston was initially charged with a misdemeanor drug charge that carried a 30-day sentence and a $1,000 fine.[316] The charges, however, were dropped in March 2001 after prosecutors received asubstance abuse assessment from a counselor in New Jersey that stated the singer didn't need treatment for substance abuse.[317][318]
In 2002, Houston became embroiled in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise, a company started by her father. The company, run by Kevin Skinner, sued her for $100 million, claiming unpaid compensation. Houston's father died in February 2003, and the lawsuit was dismissed in April 2004, with no compensation awarded.[319][320][321]
Residences
Following graduation fromMount Saint Dominic Academy in 1981, Houston moved to a two-bedroom apartment atWoodbridge Township withRobyn Crawford.[322] By early 1986, Houston had relocated to a bigger apartment inFort Lee, just minutes away fromManhattan, before purchasing a mansion inMendham Township with help from her father in late 1987.[323] The 13,607-square-foot house had been built in the year prior to Houston purchasing the property.[324] The house was the primary location for Houston and Bobby Brown's 1992 wedding. Six years later, in 1993, Houston purchased a second home in the city, located at 1 Crossway.[325] The home served as the singer's personalrecording studio at which she recorded some of her material, prominently the recording ofMy Love Is Your Love.[325] During the latter years of her marriage to Brown, Houston lived inAlpharetta, Georgia, a suburb ofAtlanta, splitting time between there and Mendham. In 2003, the couple purchased a mansion in Alpharetta, where much of the taping of the reality series,Being Bobby Brown, was filmed.[326] Houston's last house prior to her death was a townhouse, also located in Alpharetta.[327] Houston also owned a condo atWilliams Island inAventura, Florida, a suburb ofMiami.[323] Following her separation from Brown, Houston rented a palatial house inLaguna Hills, California in April 2006 and lived there until 2008.[328]
Health
During her marriage, Houston suffered several miscarriages, including one during the filming ofThe Bodyguard,[329] another in July 1994,[330] and another in December 1996.[331]
Rolling Stone published a story in June 2000 stating that Cissy Houston and others had held a July 1999 intervention in which they unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Whitney to obtain drug treatment.[264]
In her 2019 memoirs,A Song for You: My Life with Whitney Houston, Houston's longtime executive assistant and friend,Robyn Crawford, said she departed from Houston's management company after Houston declined to seek help for her drug dependency; years earlier, Houston claimed in an interview that the two friends parted ways over Houston's husband, Bobby Brown.[294][332][266]
In September 2001, Houston's extremely thin appearance led to rumors about her health. Her publicist stated, "Whitney has been under stress due to family matters and when she is under stress she doesn't eat."[272] In 2009, Houston acknowledged that drug use had been the reason for her weight loss in 2001.[333]
In 2002, Houston gave an interview withDiane Sawyer to promote her upcoming album. During the interview, she addressed rumors of drug use, famously saying, "crack is whack". She admitted to using various substances but denied having an eating disorder.[266]
In September 2009, Houston was interviewed byOprah Winfrey. In the interview, she admitted to using drugs with Brown during their marriage and described her struggles with addiction.[334] She told Winfrey that beforeThe Bodyguard her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter and that by 1996 "[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing myself."[335] Houston told Oprah that she had attended a 30-day rehabilitation program.[336] Houston also acknowledged to Oprah that her drug use had continued after rehabilitation, and that at one point, her mother obtained a court order and the assistance of law enforcement to press her into receiving further drug treatment.[337] Houston's mother recalled the incident in her 2013 book,Remembering Whitney: My Story of Love, Loss, and the Night the Music Stopped, in which she came to visit her daughter's Alpharetta residence in 2005 discussing seeing the walls were "spray-painted" with "big glaring eyes and strange faces. Evil eyes, staring out like a threat", as well as noticing most of her daughter's head cut out of a big framed photo of the singer; Houston herself explained it in her Oprah interview.[338][339] When Winfrey asked Houston if she was drug-free, Houston responded, "'Yes, ma’am. I mean, you know, don’t think I don’t have desires for it.'"[340]
In May 2011, Houston enrolled in rehabilitation again due to drug and alcohol problems, which she stated was part of her "longstanding recovery process".[341] A month later, it was reported that Houston had been diagnosed withemphysema.[342]
On February 11, 2012, Houston was found unconscious in Suite 434 at the Beverly Hilton, submerged in the bathtub.[343][344] Houston reportedly appeared "disheveled" and "erratic" in the days before her death.[345] Beverly Hills paramedics arrived about 3:30 pm, found Houston unresponsive, and performedCPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 pmPST.[346][347] The cause of death was not immediately known;[348][346] local police said there were "no obvious signs of criminal intent".[349] On March 22, 2012, theLos Angeles County Coroner's Office reported that Houston's death was caused by drowning and the "effects ofatherosclerotic heart disease andcocaine use".[350][351] The manner of death was listed as "accident".[352]
Houston's death coincided with the54th Annual Grammy Awards, which took place the day following her death and included a tribute to Houston; it was later credited for the Grammys' second-highest ratings in history.[353] The February 11, 2012, Clive Davis pre-Grammy party that Houston had been expected to attend, which featured many of the biggest names in music and film, went on as scheduled – although it was quickly turned into a tribute to Houston.[354] Numerous other public figures also expressed their grief, includingMariah Carey,Quincy Jones,Darlene Love,Aretha Franklin andOprah Winfrey.[355][356] Houston's death was covered internationally in the media, along with her memorial service, which was held for Houston at her home church,New Hope Baptist Church, inNewark, New Jersey, on February 18, 2012.[357]
Houston's music surged in popularity following her death. According to representatives from Houston's record label, Houston sold 8 million records worldwide in the first 10 months of the year she died.[358] The single "I Will Always Love You" returned to theBillboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years, peaking at number three and becoming a posthumous top-10 single for Houston, the first one since 2001.[359][360] Houston set aGuinness World Record for a female artist by placing 10 albums inside theBillboard 200 simultaneously.[361] In October 2023, Houston made the list of the top 10 highest-earning posthumous celebrities onForbes, earning $30 million, later winning a posthumous Guinness World Records entry as the highest-earning posthumous female celebrity, her 32nd record.[362][363]
Artistry
Houston's vocal ability earned her the nickname "the Voice".
Houston had a four-octavespinto soprano vocal range.[364] She was referred to as "the Voice" because of her vocal talent.[365][366][367]
Jon Pareles ofThe New York Times stated Houston "always had a great big voice, a technical marvel from its velvety depths to its ballistic middle register to its ringing and airy heights".[368] In 2023,Rolling Stone ranked Houston second on their list of the greatest singers of all time, stating, "The standard-bearer for R&B vocals, Whitney Houston possessed a soprano that was as powerful as it was tender. Take her cover of Dolly Parton's 'I Will Always Love You', which became one of the defining singles of the 1990s; it opens with her gently brooding, her unaccompanied voice sounding like it's turning over the idea of leaving her lover behind with the lightest touch. By the end, it's transformed into a showcase for her limber, muscular upper register; she sings the title phrase with equal parts bone-deep feeling and technical perfection, turning the conflicted emotions at the song's heart into a jumping-off point for her life's next step."[369]
Matthew Perpetua ofRolling Stone also acknowledged Houston's vocal prowess, enumerating 10 performances, including "How Will I Know" at the 1986 MTV VMAs and "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the 1991 Super Bowl. "Whitney Houston was blessed with an astonishing vocal range and extraordinary technical skill, but what truly made her a great singer was her ability to connect with a song and drive home its drama and emotion with incredible precision", he stated. "She was a brilliant performer and her live shows often eclipsed her studio recordings."[370]
Elysa Gardner of theLos Angeles Times in her review forThe Preacher's Wife Soundtrack highly praised Houston's vocal ability, commenting, "She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one we have. No other female pop star – notMariah Carey, notCeline Dion, notBarbra Streisand – quite rivals Houston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizing melodrama."[371] Singer and entertainerMichael Jackson named Houston as one of his musical inspirations, calling her a "wonderful singer, real stylist. You hear one line, and you know who it is."[372]
R&B singerFaith Evans stated: "Whitney was not just a singer with a beautiful voice. She was a true musician. Her voice was an instrument and she knew how to use it. With the same complexity as someone who has mastered the violin or the piano, Whitney mastered the use of her voice. From every run to every crescendo—she was in tune with what she could do with her voice and it's not something simple for a singer—even a very talented one—to achieve. Whitney is 'the Voice' because she worked for it. This is someone who was singing backup for her mom when she was 14 years old at nightclubs across the country. This is someone who sang backup for Chaka Khan when she was only 17. She had years and years of honing her craft on stage and in the studio before she ever got signed to a record label. Coming from a family of singers and surrounded by music; she pretty much had a formal education in music, just like someone who might attend a performing arts high school or major in voice in college."[373]
Jon Caramanica ofThe New York Times commented, "Her voice was clean and strong, with barely any grit, well suited to the songs of love and aspiration. [ ... ] Hers was a voice of triumph and achievement and it made for any number of stunning, time-stopping vocal performances."[374] Mariah Carey stated, "She [Whitney] has a really rich, strong mid-belt that very few people have".[375] In her review ofI Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of theLos Angeles Times wrote, "[Houston's voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining the architecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators". Powers added, "When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano".[376]
Lauren Everitt fromBBC News commented on themelisma used in Houston's recording. "An early 'I' in Whitney Houston's 'I Will Always Love You' takes nearly six seconds to sing. In those seconds the former gospel singer-turned-pop star packs a series of different notes into the single syllable", stated Everitt. "The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every 'I' and 'you'. The vocal technique is called melisma and it has inspired a host of imitators. Other artists may have used it before Houston, but it was her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song that pushed the technique into the mainstream in the 90s. [ ... ] But perhaps what Houston nailed best was moderation." Everitt said that "[i]n a climate of reality shows ripe with 'oversinging,' it's easy to appreciate Houston's ability to save melisma for just the right moment."[377]
Houston's vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry.Stephen Holden fromThe New York Times, in his review of Houston'sRadio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993, praised her attitude as a singer, writing, "Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars of whom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millions calls upon an entertainer's bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houston would rather just stand there and sing." With regard to her singing style, he added: "Her [Houston's] stylistic trademark—shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments at the ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration—infuse her interpretations with flashes of musical and emotional lightning."[378]
Houston struggled with vocal problems in her later years. Gary Catona, a voice coach who began working with Houston in 2005, stated: "'When I first started working with her in 2005, she had lost 99.9 percent of her voice ... She could barely speak, let alone sing. Her lifestyle choices had made her almost completely hoarse'".[379] After Houston's death, Catona asserted that Houston's voice reached "'about 75 to 80 percent'" of its former capacity after he had worked with her.[380] However, during the world tour that followed the release ofI Look to You, "YouTube videos surfaced, showing [Houston's] voice cracking, seemingly unable to hold the notes she was known for".[380]
Houston has been regarded as one of the greatest vocalists of all time and acultural icon.[396][397][398] She is also recognized as one of the most influential R&B artists in history.[399][400]ABC News described Houston as a "revolutionary artist who enchanted audiences with her iconic voice –– and kicked down the door for Black artists who followed her."[401] Julianne MacNeill ofWoman's World magazine credited Houston with "single-handedly changing the world of pop and R&B music".[402] During the 1980s,MTV was coming into its own and received criticism for not playing enough videos by black artists. WithMichael Jackson breaking down the color barrier for black men, Houston did the same for black women. She became the first black woman to receive heavy rotation on the network following the success of the "How Will I Know" video.[2][403] Stephen Holden ofThe New York Times said that Houston "revitalized the tradition of strong gospel-oriented pop-soul singing".[404] Ann Powers of theLos Angeles Times referred to Houston as a "national treasure".[376]
The Independent's music critic Andy Gill also wrote about Houston's influence on modern R&B and singing competitions, comparing it to Michael Jackson's, stating that "Jackson was a hugely talented icon, certainly, but he will be as well remembered (probably more so) for his presentational skills, his dazzling dance moves, as for his musical innovations. Whitney, on the other hand, just sang and the ripples from her voice continue to dominate the pop landscape." Gill said that there "are few, if any, Jackson imitators on today's TV talent shows, but every other contestant is a Whitney wannabe, desperately attempting to emulate that wondrous combination of vocal effects – the flowing melisma, the soaring mezzo-soprano confidence, the tremulous fluttering that carried the ends of lines into realms of higher yearning".[405]
According to Linda Lister inDivafication: The Deification of Modern Female Pop Stars, she has been called the "Queen of Pop" for her influence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.[406]Rolling Stone stated that Houston "redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from Mariah Carey toRihanna".[407] In 2013, ABC named Houston the greatest woman in music.[408] She was ranked among thegreatest women in music byVH1.[409][410] Houston's entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according toUSA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey's chart-topping vocal gymnastics.[98] Many major publications including theRock and Roll Hall of Fame,Fox News,NBC News andThe Independent dubbed Houston the “greatest singer of her generation”.[411][412][413][414] Despite his opposition to music,Osama Bin Laden was reportedly fond of Whitney Houston. According to poet and activist Kola Boof, bin Laden wanted to make her one of his wives.[415] In February 2025,Donald Trump announced plans to build a statue of Houston among a slew of others for the proposedNational Garden of American Heroes, that would be implemented in 2026.[416][417]
Houston won numerous accolades throughout her career, including two Emmy Awards, five World Music Awards, eight Grammy Awards (including two Grammy Hall of Fame honors), 16Billboard Music Awards (36Billboard awards in all) and 22 American Music Awards. Houston currently holds the record for mostAmerican Music Awards in a single night with eight, a record for a woman and tied in general with fellow musicianMichael Jackson.[418] Houston was the first artist to win more than11 Billboard awards in one night at its fourth annual ceremony in 1993, which set a Guinness World Record at the time.[419] Houston continues to hold the record forthe most WMAs won in a single year, winning five trophies at the sixth World Music Awards in 1994.[420] Houston is also the black female artist with the mostGuinness World Records in history with 33.
A premier black female entertainer, Houston was inducted into theBET Walk of Fame and theSoul Train Hall of Fame. In 2001, Houston became the first artist to receive theBET Lifetime Achievement Award.[421][422] In 2010, she was honored atThe BET Honors with the Entertainers Award. In 2008,Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number nine.[423][424] In November 2010,Billboard released its "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years" list and ranked Houston at number three who not only went on to earn eight number-one singles on theR&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but also landed five number ones onR&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[425] Houston is one of the longest-running acts on the USBillboard charts, with a total of 692 weeks on theBillboard Hot 100 and 1,024 weeks on theBillboard 200.[426]
Houston isone of the best-selling recording artists of all time, with more than 220 million records sold worldwide.[6][427] She was ranked the best-selling female R&B artist of the 20th century by theRIAA in 1999.[428] Houston sold more physical singles than any other female solo artist in history.[429] As of 2025, she is ranked as one of thebest-selling artists in the United States by the RIAA with 62 millioncertified albums.[430] Houston released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums, all of which have been certified diamond, multi-platinum or platinum.[431]
Houston became the first female artist to go diamond with an album after hersoundtrack toThe Bodyguard went ten-times platinum in November 1993. In January 1994, her debut albumWhitney Houston was the first studio album by a woman to be certified ten-times platinum, making her the first solo artist to receive two diamond-certified albums. When her second album,Whitney (1987), was certified diamond in October 2020, Houston became the first black recording artist in history to have three diamond-certified albums.[79] Those three albums are also among thebest-selling albums of all time. Houston is the onlyblack female artist with six albums to sell more than ten million units worldwide, the third most in general by a female artist.The Bodyguard remains the best-selling soundtrack and best-selling female album of all time, with global units of over 45 million, while "I Will Always Love You" remains the best-selling single by a female artist at 24 million units worldwide. In addition, hersoundtrack forThe Preacher's Wife is the best-sellinggospel release ever.[432]
She held an honorary Doctorate in Humanities fromGrambling State University, Louisiana.[433] Houston was inducted into theNew Jersey Hall of Fame in 2013.[434] She was inducted into the officialRhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in its second class in 2014.[435] In 2020, Houston was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame after her first nomination.[436][437] In October 2020, the music video for "I Will Always Love You" surpassed 1 billion views on YouTube, making Houston the first solo 20th-century artist to have a video reach that milestone.[438] In May 2023, Houston was one of the first of 13 artists to be given theBrits Billion Award by the BPI for reaching 1 billion career streams in the United Kingdom.[439] Houston is one of only a handful of artists from the20th century to have multiple songs streamed a billion times onSpotify with her 1987 hit, "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", and her posthumous 2019 hit, "Higher Love", reaching the feat in 2023 and 2024.[440][441][442] In September 2025, Houston was inducted into the Missouri Gospel Music Hall of Fame at St. Louis, Missouri.[443][444]
Commemoration
Whitney E. Houston Academy of Creative & Performing Arts
In 1997, the Franklin School inEast Orange, New Jersey, which Houston attended as a child, was renamed to the Whitney E. Houston Academy of Creative & Performing Arts.[445]
Madame Tussauds unveiled four wax figures of Houston in 2013, inspired by her looks from the music video ofI Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me), filmThe Bodyguard, album cover ofI Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston andThe Star-Spangled Banner performance at the 1991 Super Bowl.[447]
Whitney, a documentary film based on Houston's life and death, premiered at the2018 Cannes Film Festival and was released internationally in theaters on July 6, 2018.[450]
In December 2023, theNew Jersey Hall of Fame unveiled the Whitney Houston Service Area, formerly known as the Vauxhal Service Area at theGarden State Parkway.[459] The New Jersey Hall of Fame explained that the renaming was part of their "ongoing program to honor its inductees by renaming Garden State Parkway service areas after them, and building displays about them".[459]
In May 2025, it was announced by Houston's estate thatThe Voice of Whitney: A Symphonic Celebration, which integrates Houston's vocal recordings with the backing of an orchestra, will embark on a full length North American tour starting in September 2025.[460]
In September 2025,Calum Scott released a reimagined duet ballad rendition of "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" with Houston.[461]
Philanthropy
Houston was a long-time supporter of charities around the world. In 1989, she established the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children. It offered medical assistance to sick and homeless children, fought to preventchild abuse, taught children to read, created inner-city parks and playgrounds and granted college scholarships, including one tothe Juilliard School.[462] At a 1988Madison Square Garden concert, Houston earned more than $250,000 for theUnited Negro College Fund (UNCF).[463] Later in October of that same year, Houston performed on theChannel Seven Perth Telethon inPerth to raise funds for several children's hospitals there.[464] The following November, Houston announced plans to invest in a $100 million housing project set up by Vogue Skyview Estates, a real estate development firm, to create low and middle-income housing in her hometown of Newark, New Jersey.[465] The Feingold Center for Children inBoston had its Hearing & Language Disorder Clinic renamed after the singer after she contributed to the hospital.[466] In June 1995, it was reported that Houston donated $125,000 toHarlem's Hale House Center to help mothers who were at risk ofabusing their children.[467] Later, the Hale House Center built a Learning & Recreation Center due to Houston's donations.[466] Houston also donated money to theSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital.[466] Newark'sUniversity Hospital renamed its Pediatric Special Care Unit the Whitney Houston Intensive Care Unit after Houston's contributions to the hospital.[466][468]
Houston donated all of the earnings from her 1991 Super Bowl XXV performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" sales toGulf War servicemen and their families.[469] The record label followed suit and she was voted to theAmerican Red Cross Board of Directors as a result.[470] Following theterrorist attacks in 2001, Houston re-released "The Star-Spangled Banner" to support the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police. She waived her royalty rights to the song, which reached number one on charts in October 2001 and generated more than $1 million.[471] Houston declined to perform inapartheid-era South Africa in the 1980s.[472] Her participation at the 1988Freedomfest performance in London (for a then-imprisonedNelson Mandela) grabbed the attention of other musicians and the media.[473] During her historic South African tour in 1994, Houston donated all of its concert proceeds to numerous children's charities, including two children's museums, the President's Trust Fund (for Nelson Mandela) and the Kasigo Trust among several orphanages.[466]
In addition, Houston became an activist for the fight againstHIV and AIDS during the first decade of the AIDS epidemic. In 1986, the LGBT magazine publicationThe Advocate reported that one of Houston's concerts at theBoston Common inBoston raised $30,000 for theAIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts and the Gay and Lesbian Counseling Service. The Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, in particular, focused on helping children who suffered from HIV/AIDS, among other issues. In 1990, Whitney took part in Arista Records' 15th anniversary gala, which was an AIDS benefit, where she sang "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", "Greatest Love of All" and, with cousin Dionne Warwick, "That's What Friends Are For". A year later, Whitney participated in the Reach Out & Touch Someone AIDS vigil at London in September 1991 while she was finishing her historic ten-date residency at London's Wembley Arena; there, she stressed the importance of AIDS research and addressing HIV stigma.[474][475]
In June 1999, Whitney gave a surprise performance at the 13th Annual New York City Lesbian & Gay Pride Dance[476] at one of the city's West Side piers.[477] According toInstinct magazine, Houston's unannounced performance at the Piers "ushered in a new era that would eventually make high-profile artists performing at LGBTQ events virtually commonplace".[476] Before hitting the stage, Houston was asked by MTV veejayJohn Norris why she decided to attend the event. Houston replied, "We're all God's children, honey".[476]
^Houston toldEntertainment Tonight, "basically it was my gospel album, and it was excluded from the gospel category altogether. I'm not going this year... I'm sick of work being done and people not recognizing it."[227]
^Houston, Cissy (2013).Remembering Whitney. p. 10.My water broke. So it was right back out the door as John put me in the car and hurried to Presbyterian Hospital.
^"Whitney's godmother: 'She was a light'".Nancy Grace spoke with Whitney Houston's and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame singer Darlene Love. February 13, 2012. Archived fromthe original on January 2, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2012.
^Whitall, Susan."Aretha Franklin recalls meeting a young Whitney Houston".The Queen of Soul corrected one thing about her relationship to Houston. She says she wasn't Houston's Godmother, but a sort of honorary aunt. The Detroit News. RetrievedFebruary 18, 2012.[dead link]
^Houston, Cissy (2013).Remembering Whitney. pp. 61–62.John was able to get in touch with Charles Koppelman, a veteran record man who was running the music division of a new label called Commonwealth United, and he pitched me as a solo artist. They signed me for a modest $15,000 advance and we began recording right away - and in 1970, we released my first solo album,Presenting Cissy Houston. With that advance, we were finally able to leave the Wainwright neighborhood. John and I wasted no time in finding a beautiful new home – a four-bedroom, white clapboard house at 362 Dodd Street in East Orange.
^Houston, Cissy (2013).Remembering Whitney. p. 45.In the spring of 1964, almost a year after Nippy's birth, John's divorce was at last finalized, and he and I were able to get married.
^Houston, Cissy (2013).Remembering Whitney. p. 76.Nippy had been hinting for a while that she wanted to sing professionally, but at age twelve, she told me she was sure.
^Finkelman, Paul (2009).Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896 to the present: from the age of segregation to the twenty-first century. Oxford University Press. pp. 459–460.ISBN978-0-19-516779-5.
^Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca (August 14, 1998)."Back in the Groove?".Entertainment Weekly.Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2020.
^LaPorte, Nicole (March 6, 2005)."Diary of a Mad Niche Hit".Variety.Archived from the original on March 8, 2009. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2020.
^White, Jack E. (January 15, 1996)."Heavy Breathing".Time. Archived fromthe original on May 28, 2008. RetrievedMarch 17, 2007.
^Lafranco, Robert; Binelli, Mark; Goodman, Fred (July 4, 2002)."The Rolling Stone Money Report".Rolling Stone. Archived fromthe original on February 4, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2010.
^"Whitney Houston Signs $100 Million Contract with Arista Records".Jet. August 20, 2001. p. 18.
^Houston, Cissy (2013).Remembering Whitney. p. 75.But it was at New Hope that Nippy got saved. I wasn't with her at the time but she told me later that she'd cried and accepted the Savior into her life and heart. And she never let go of that faith, even through all the turmoil and hard times to come.
^Winfrey, Oprah (September 2009)."Remembering Whitney: The Oprah Winfrey Interview"(video). Oprah Winfrey Network. RetrievedDecember 25, 2017.I did my stint. You do your 30 days. I went to one where I could take my child with me. Everywhere I just had to have her with me. I wanted her to understand. I didn't lie to her. I couldn't.
^Winfrey, Oprah (September 2009)."Remembering Whitney: The Oprah Winfrey Interview"(video). Oprah Winfrey Network. p. 40:02 minutes. RetrievedApril 21, 2010.I see the love and the passion that my mother had for me and she walks in with these sheriffs and she says 'I have a court junction [sic] here. Either you do it my way or we're just not going to do this at all. We're going to go on TV and you're going to retire and say you're going to give this up. Because this is not worth it. It's not worth it. And if you move, Bobby [Brown], [these officers are] going to take you down. Don't you make one move. Let's go. Let's do this. I'm not losing you to the world. I'm not losing you to Satan. I want my daughter back. I'm not doing this. I want my daughter back. I want you back. I want to see that glow in your eyes, that light in your eyes. I want to see the child I raised. You weren't raised like this. And I'm not having it.'
^Houston, Cissy (2013).Remembering Whitney. p. 232.Somebody had spray-painted the walls and door with big glaring eyes and strange faces. Evil eyes, staring out like a threat ... In another room there was a big framed photo of [Whitney] — but someone had cut [her] head out. It was beyond disturbing, seeing my daughter's face cut out like that.
^Whitney: Tribute to a Music Legend. Boca Raton, Florida: American Media. 2012. (one-time newsstand collector's publication) Pg. 37: "434: The room number at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles in which she was found dead on Feb 11, 2012."
^"If Ella Fitzgerald is the queen of jazz, Billie Holiday first lady of the blues and Aretha Franklin the queen of soul, then who is the queen of pop? In the 1990s, it would seem to be a three-way tie between Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion. Certainly all three have their devotees and detractors, but their presence has been inescapable." inLister, Linda (2001). "Divafication: The Deification of Modern Female Pop Stars".Popular Music and Society. Vol. 25, no. 3/4. p. 1.ISSN0300-7766.
^Flatow, Joel (February 13, 2012)."Whitney Soars in Our Hearts". Record Industry Association of America. Archived fromthe original on June 16, 2012. RetrievedFebruary 24, 2012.
^"Gold & Platinum". Record Industry Association of America. RetrievedOctober 16, 2019.
Ammons, Kevin; Bacon, Nancy (1998).Good Girl, Bad Girl: An Insider's Biography of Whitney Houston. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publ. Group.ISBN978-0-8065-8012-8.
Bowman, Jeffery (1995).Diva: The Totally Unauthorized Biography of Whitney Houston. New York: Harper.ISBN978-0-06-100853-5.
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